History of Queensland

The history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence in the state, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. Estimated to have been settled by Indigenous Australians approximately 40 000 years ago, the north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Portuguese and French navigators before being encountered by Captain James Cook in 1770. The state has witnessed the tragic events of frontier warfare between European settlers and Indigenous inhabitants, as well as the employment of cheap Kanaka labour sourced from the South Pacific. Likewise, it has experienced dynamic growth and progress since its separation from New South Wales in 1859, currently being the fastest-growing state in Australia.

Indigenous people

The first Aboriginal Australians arrived around 40 000 years ago by boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, presumably from Southeast Asia. The ethnically separate Torres Strait Islanders are Melanesian, and arrived some time later.

European exploration and settlement

Exploration

In 1605, the Dutch navigator Jansz landed near the site of the modern-day town of Weipa on the western shore of Cape York.

It is possible that the Spanish explorer, Torres saw the Queensland coast at the tip of Cape York in 1614, when he sailed through the Torres Strait which was named after him.

In 1768 the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed west from the New Hebrides islands, getting to within a hundred miles of the Queensland coast. He did not reach the coast because he did not find a passage through the coral reefs, and turned back.

Captain Cook (his naval rank was actually Lieutenant and became a Captain after his return to England) sailed past the Queensland coast in 1770. He sailed past and named Stradbroke and Morton (now Moreton Island) islands, the Glasshouse mountains, Double Island Point, Wide Bay, Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Cape, now called Fraser Island. His second landfall in Australia was at Round Hill Head, 500km north of Brisbane. His ship, the "Endeavour" was grounded on a coral reef which was part of the Great Barrier Reef near Cape Tribulation, on June 11, 1770. [http://www.deh.gov.au/heritage/national/sites/kurnell-factsheet.html] The trip was delayed for almost seven weeks while they repaired the ship. This occurred where Cooktown now lies, on the Endeavour River, both places obviously named after the incident. On 22 August the "Endeavour" reached the tip of Queensland, which Cook named the Cape York Peninsula after the Duke of York

In 1799 in the "Norfolk", Matthew Flinders spent six weeks exploring the Queensland coast as far north as Hervey Bay. In 1802 he explored the coast again. On a later trip to England, his ship the "HMS Porpoise" and the accompanying "Cato" ran aground on a coral reef off the Queensland coast. Flinders set off for Sydney in an open cutter, at a distance of convert|750|mi|km, where the Governor sent ships back to rescue the crew from Wreck Reef.

Settlement

In 1823, John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis (now Gladstone) and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony. At Moreton Bay, he found the Brisbane River whose existence Cook had predicted, and proceeded to explore the lower part of it. In September 1824, he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe. On December 2, the settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District (CBD) of Brisbane now stands. The settlement was initially called Edenglassie, a portmanteau of the Scottish towns Edinburgh and Glasgow. In 1839 transportation of convicts ceased, culminatng in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842 free settlement was permitted.

In 1847, the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port [http://dkd.net/pom/history.html] .

Frontier war

Fighting between Aborigines and settlers in Queensland was more bloody than any other state in Australia. It is estimated that during the nineteenth century, 2,000 white settlers and at least 10,000 Aborigines had been killed in the wars. [http://www.abc.net.au/frontier/stories/ep3.htm] On 27 October 1857 11 Europeans were killed at Martha Fraser's Hornet Bank station on the Dawson River, in central Queensland. [http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/timeline2.cfm] On 17th October 1861 nineteen white settlers were killed at Cullin La Ringo, the largest massacre of whites by Aborigines in Australian history.

Colony of Queensland

* 1851 Public meeting held to consider Queensland's separation from New South Wales.
* 1859 Queen Victoria signs Letters Patent on 6 June, to form the colony of Queensland, separated from New South Wales. George Ferguson Bowen becomes the first Governor of Queensland. Robert Herbert becomes the first Premier of Queensland

Queensland was the only Australian colony which commenced with its own parliament instead of first spending time as a Crown Colony.

Ipswich and Rockhampton became towns in 1860, with Maryborough and Warwick becoming towns the following year.

In 1861, rescue parties for Burke and Wills which failed to find them, did some exploratory work of their own, in central and north-western Queensland. Notably among these was Frederick Walker (explorer) who originally worked for the native police [http://www.cqhistory.com/wiki/pmwiki.php/People/FrederickWalker] Brisbane was linked by electric telegraph to Sydney in 1861.

Gold rush

Although smaller than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales, Queensland had its own series of gold rushes in the later half of the nineteenth century. In 1858, gold was discovered at Canoona [http://www.cqhistory.com/wiki/pmwiki.php/Places/CanoonaGoldFields] In 1867, gold was discovered in Gympie. In 1872 William Hann discovers gold on the Palmer river, southwest of Cooktown. Chinese settlers began to arrive in the goldfields, by 1877 there were 17,000 Chinese on Queensland gold fields. In that year restrictions on Chinese immigration were passed.

* 1862 Queensland's western boundary changed from longitude 141° E to 138°E
* 1863 First Chief Justice appointed (Sir James Cockle)
* 1864 Was an "annus horribilis" for Queensland:
** In March, major flooding of the Brisbane River inundated the centre of town
** In April, fires devastated the west side of Queen Street (the main shopping centre)
** In December, another fire (Brisbane's worst) wiped out the rest of Queen Street and adjoining streets
* 1865 First steam trains in Queensland (from Ipswich to Bigge's Camp (now Grandchester)).
**Townsville gazetted as a town.
* 1867
** Queensland Constitution consolidated from existing legislation (Constitution Act 1867)
** Sugar production was becoming a major industry. In 1867 six mills produced 168 tons of cane-sugar, by 1870 there were 28 mills with a production of 2,854 tons. The production of sugar started around Brisbane, but spread to Mackay and Cairns, and by 1888 the annual output of sugar was 60,000 tons.
* 1871 George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby becomes Governor of Queensland.

*1876 The first record of a rugby match played in Queensland.
* 1877 Arthur Edward Kennedy becomes Governor of Queensland
* 1883 Queensland Premier Sir Thomas McIlwraith annexes Papua (later repudiated by British government). On 2 June the decision to form a rugby union association was made at the Exchange hotel in Brisbane. [http://www.qru.com.au/qld/qld.rugby/page/30954] The same year Queensland's population passed the 250,000 mark.

In 1887 the Brisbane-Wallangarra railway line was opened, and in 1888 there was a convert|483|mi|km|sing=on line opened between Brisbane and Charleville. There were other lines which were nearly complete from Rockhampton to Longreach, and others being constructed around Maryborough, Mackay and Townsville.

By 1888, there were more than 5 million cattle in Queensland.

* 1891 Great Shearers' Strike at Barcaldine leads to formation of the Australian Labor Party. The issue in the strike was whether employers were entitled to use non-union labour. There were troops and police called in, some sheds were fired, and there were mass riots. There was a second shearers strike in 1894. Union sponsored candidates won sixteen seats at the Queensland elections in 1893.
* The land where the Brisbane Cricket Ground now sits was first used as a cricket ground in 1895, with the first cricket match played there in December 1896.
* 1897 Native (Aboriginal) Police force disbanded.
* 1899 World's first Labor Party Government (Premier Anderson Dawson lasted one week)

In July 1899 Queensland offered to send a force of 250 mounted infantry to help Britain in the Second Boer War.

Immigration

During the 1890s many workers known as the Kanakas were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the sugar cane fields. Some of whom had possibly been kidnapped under a process known as Blackbirding. When Australia was federated in 1901, the White Australia policy came into effect, whereby all foreign workers in Australia were deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act of 1901 [http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=86] . At this time there were between 7,000 and 10,000 Pacific Islanders living in Queensland. Most of them had been deported by 1908, by which time there were only 1500-2500 remaining.

tate of Queensland

Federation to Second World War

* 1901 Federation of Australia At this time Queensland had half a million people.
* 1902 Brisbane proclaimed a city in 1902.
* 1905 Women's suffrage in state elections
* 1909 University of Queensland established
* 1912 Brisbane General Strike for five weeks
* 1920 Qantas was founded to serve outback Queensland.
* 1920 Matthew Nathan becomes Governor, and actively promotes British migration to Queensland.
* 1922 Queensland Legislative Council abolished, making Queensland the only Australian state (to this day) without a bicameral legislature.
* 1925 9 June - The Traverston Rail Disaster - worst rail disaster in Queensland's history,
* 1928 the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia makes first flight, departing from Cloncurry. Also in 1928, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith lands the "Southern Cross" in Brisbane, completing the first trans-Pacific flight.
* 1935 101 Cane Toads were brought into Queensland to try to control pests on sugar cane crops, and bred to 3000 which were released into areas around Cairns, Innisfail and Gordonvale, and they spread to many parts of Queensland.

Second World War

.

Following the outbreak of war with Japan, Queensland soon became a virtual frontline, as fears of invasion grew. Several cities and places in Northern Queensland were bombed by the Japanese during their air attacks on Australia. These included Horn Island, Townsville Cairns and Mossman. There was a massive build up of Australian and United States forces in the state, and the Allied Supreme Commander in the South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur, established his headquarters in Brisbane. Tens of thousands of Queenslanders were conscripted into Militia (reserve) units.

On 14 May 1943 the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur was sunk off Stradbroke Island, by a torpedo from a Japanese Navy submarine.

Later in the war, the 3rd Division, a Militia unit made of predominantly Queensland personnel, took part in the Bougainville campaign.

Post War Period

*1958 Henry Abel Smith becomes Governor.
*1968 Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen is elected as Premier. He remained premier for 19 years.
*1971 Escalating protests in regards to the 1971 Springbok tour see Bjelke-Petersen declare a state of emergency in the state [cite web | url = http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/1972cabdocs/background.asp | title = Background | work = Queensland State Archives - 1972 Cabinet Documents | author = Jonathan Richards | date = 20 May 2004 | accessdate = 2008-03-13 ]
*1982 Brisbane hosts the Commonwealth Games
*1987 Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen is forced to resign as Premier of Queensland on December 1. His resignation is accepted by Governor Walter Campbell
*1988 Expo '88 held in Brisbane to celebrate the Bicentenary of the First fleet founding the colony of Australia.

Mabo

In 1982, Eddie Mabo began action in the High Court to claim ownership of land in the Torres Strait on behalf of the indigenous inhabitants, following the Queensland Amendment Act which was passed that year. In 1985, the Queensland government tried to end proceedings in the High Court by passing the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act, which claimed that Queensland had total control of the Torres Strait Islands after they had been annexed in 1879. This act was held as contrary to the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 by the High Court in 1988. The well known Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) decision was handed down in 1992 which recognised native title.

Sport

* 1980 - The annual Rugby League State of Origin matches began at Lang Park in Brisbane.
* 1982 - The Commonwealth Games was held in Brisbane.
* 1987 - The Brisbane Bears Australian rules football team joined the VFL as the second team outside Victoria. It was merged with Fitzroy to become the Brisbane Lions in 1997.
* 1987 - Brisbane hosts games of the first ever Rugby World Cup.
* 1988 - The Brisbane Broncos and Gold Coast-Tweed Giants rugby league teams were founded, followed by the South Queensland Crushers and North Queensland Cowboys in 1995.
* 2001 - The Goodwill Games are held in Brisbane.
* 2003 - Brisbane and Townsville host games of the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

Pauline Hanson

In 1996, Pauline Hanson won a Federal house of representatives seat in the Queensland division of Oxley, which is based around Ipswich, having previously been a candidate endorsed by the Liberal party. Her controversial views on ending Asian immigration to Australia, and being against government funding to Aborigines were seen as racist by many Australians, although she was given much support by some people, especially in Queensland.

The One Nation party she founded did well for a new political party, in the Queensland state elections in June 1998, winning 21% of the vote, and 11 out of 89 seats in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Her controversial policies polarised the electorate, and delivered the Government to the Australia Labor party in a minority government controlled by two Independents.

In 1999, the City Country Alliance was formed from disenchanted One Nation members, who held six state seats. The party experienced a severe backlash in the Queensland election of 2001, and the party lost its status as an official political party in 2003. In this election, One Nation won only 8.69% of the vote. In 2004, One Nation had less than 5% of the vote.

See also

*Governors of Queensland
*Premiers of Queensland
* State Library of Queensland - a major source of Queensland documentary history
*Queensland Day

References

*

Further information

* [http://www.qld.gov.au/about_queensland/history/index.html?ref=h Queensland History]
* [http://www.cqhistory.com/ Central Queensland History ]
* [http://www.archives.qld.gov.au Queensland State Archives] - the state's major source of historical documentation relating to government
* [http://www.queenslandhistory.org.au/ Royal Historical Society of Queensland Welsby Library has a unique collection on Queensland history and the Commissariat Store is a convict museum