HTML5 video

HTML5 video
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HTML5 video is an element introduced in the HTML5 draft specification for the purpose of playing videos or movies,[1] partially replacing the object element. HTML5 video is intended by its creators to become the new standard way to show video online,[citation needed] but has been hampered by lack of agreement as to which video formats should be supported in the video element.

Contents

<video> element examples

The following HTML5 code fragment will embed a WebM video into a web page.

<video src="movie.webm" poster="movie.jpg" controls>
        This is fallback content to display if the browser
        does not support the video element.
</video>

Multiple sources

Using any number of <source> elements, as shown below, the browser will choose automatically which file to download. Alternatively, the javascript canPlay() function can be used to achieve the same. The "type" attribute specifies the MIME type and possibly a list of codecs, which helps the browser to determine whether it can decode the file. Even with only one choice, such hints may be necessary to a hypothetical browser for querying its multimedia framework for third party codecs. Due to lack of a common video format, multiple sources is an important feature to avoid the need for browser sniffing, which is error prone: given that any web developer's knowledge of browsers will inevitably be incomplete, the browser in question knows best.

<video poster="movie.jpg" controls>
        <source src='movie.webm' type='video/webm; codecs="vp8.0, vorbis"'/>
        <source src='movie.ogv' type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"'/>
        <source src='movie.mp4' type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'/>
        <p>This is fallback content</p>
</video>

Supported video formats

The current HTML5 draft specification does not specify which video formats browsers should support. User agents are free to support any video formats they feel are appropriate.

Default video format debate

Main article: Use of Ogg formats in HTML5

The HTML5 Working Group consider it desirable to specify at least one video format which all user agents (browsers) should support. The ideal format in this regard would:

  • Have good compression, good image quality, and low decode processor use.
  • Be royalty-free.
  • In addition to software decoders, a hardware video decoder should exist for the format, as many embedded processors do not have the performance to decode video.

Initially, Ogg Theora was the recommended standard video format in HTML5, because it was not affected by any known patents. But on December 10, 2007, the HTML5 specification was updated,[2] replacing the reference to concrete formats:

User agents should support Theora video and Vorbis audio, as well as the Ogg container format.

with a placeholder:[3]

It would be helpful for interoperability if all browsers could support the same codecs. However, there are no known codecs that satisfy all the current players: we need a codec that is known to not require per-unit or per-distributor licensing, that is compatible with the open source development model, that is of sufficient quality as to be usable, and that is not an additional submarine patent risk for large companies. This is an ongoing issue and this section will be updated once more information is available.[4]

Although Theora is not affected by known patents, companies such as Apple[5] and (reportedly) Nokia[citation needed] are concerned about unknown patents that might affect it, whose owners might be waiting for a corporation with extensive financial resources to use the format before suing.[6][7] Formats like H.264 might also be subject to unknown patents in principle, but they have been deployed much more widely and so it is presumed that any patent-holders would have already made themselves known. Apple has also opposed requiring Ogg format support in the HTML standard (even as a "should" requirement) on the grounds that some devices might support other formats much more easily, and that HTML has historically not required particular formats for anything.[7]

Some web developers criticized the removal of the Ogg formats from the specification.[8][9][10] A follow-up discussion also occurred on the W3C questions and answers blog.[11]

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is widely used, and has good speed, compression, hardware decoders, and video quality, but is covered by patents.[12] Except in particular cases, users of H.264 have to pay licensing fees to the MPEG LA, a group of patent-holders including Microsoft and Apple.[13] As a result, it has not been considered as a required default codec.

Google purchase of On2

Google's acquisition of On2 resulted in the release of the VP8 video format as a royalty-free open standard, and the creation of the WebM Project, which combines VP8 video with Vorbis audio in a Matroska container. The release of VP8 was also encouraged by the Free Software Foundation.[14]

When Google announced in January 2011 that it would end native support of H.264 in Chrome, criticism came from many quarters including Peter Bright of Ars Technica[15] and Microsoft web evangelist Tim Sneath, who compared Google's move to declaring Esperanto the official language of the United States.[16] However, Haavard Moen of Opera Software strongly criticized the Ars Technica article[17] and Google responded to the reaction by clarifying its intent to promote WebM in its products on the basis of openness.[18]

Browser support

Media formats availability regarding browsers' usage share
Main article: Comparison of layout engines (HTML5 Media)

Values

Values indicate the level of support in the most recent version of the layout engine, or (if a version number is given) in the specified version. Version numbers without any other value indicate the version at which the layout engine first fully supported the feature.

Value Meaning
Yes Indicates that the layout engine fully supports this property/element when valid values are used.
No Indicates that the property/element is completely ignored.
Partial Indicates that the property/element is understood, but that not all values are supported. Supported values are implemented correctly.
Incorrect Indicates that the property/element is understood, but that it is not implemented correctly in all cases.
Experimental Indicates that the property/element is understood, but supported under an alternate name. May be incomplete or buggy.
Dropped Indicates that the property/element is no longer supported.
Nightly build Indicates that the property/element is supported to some extent in an experimental/nightly build. Future support is expected.
Depends Indicates that the property/element is supported only on certain platforms, or if certain settings are configured.

Table

This table shows which video formats that are likely to be supported by a given user agent. Most of the browsers listed here use a multimedia framework for decoding and display of video, instead of incorporating such software components. It is not generally possible to tell the set of formats supported by a multimedia framework without querying it, because that depends on the operating system and third party codecs. [19] In these cases, video format support is an attribute of the framework, not the browser (or its layout engine), assuming the browser properly queries its multimedia framework before rejecting unknown video formats. In some cases, the support listed here is not a function of either codecs available within the operating system's underlying media framework, or of codec capabilities built in to the browser, but rather could be by a browser add-on that might, for example, bypass the browser's normal HTML parsing of the <video> tag to embed a plug-in based video player.

The video format can be specified by MIME type in HTML (see example). MIME types are used for querying multimedia frameworks for supported formats. [note 1]

Of these browsers, only Firefox, Opera and Origyn employ libraries for built-in decoding. In practice, Internet Explorer and Safari can also guarantee certain format support, because their manufacturers also make their multimedia frameworks. At the other end of the scale, Konqueror has identical format support to Internet Explorer when run on Windows, and Safari when run on Mac, but the selected support here for Konqueror is the typical for GNU/Linux, where Konqueror has most of its users. In general, the format support of browsers is much dictated by conflicting interests of vendors, specifically that Media Foundation and QuickTime support commercial standards, whereas GStreamer and Phonon cannot legally support other than free formats by default on the free operating systems that they are intended for.[citation needed]

Browser Latest stable release version date Formats supported by different web browsers
Ogg Theora H.264 VP8 (WebM) Others
Internet Explorer 9.0.2  (August 11, 2011; 3 months ago (2011-08-11)) No[21] 9.0[22] Manual install[note 2][note 3] No[21]
Mozilla Firefox[25] 8.0  (November 8, 2011; 5 days ago (2011-11-08))[26] 3.5[27] No[note 4] 4.0[29][30] No
Google Chrome 15.0.874.120  (November 10, 2011; 3 days ago (2011-11-10)) 3.0[31][32] 3.0[33] (will be removed)[34] 6.0[35][36] No[37]
Chromium N/A r18297[38] Manual install[note 5] r47759[40] No[37]
Safari 5.1.1  (October 12, 2011; 32 days ago (2011-10-12))[41] Manual install[note 6] 3.1[42][43] Manual install[44] Manual install[note 7]
Opera 11.52 (Build 1100)  (October 19, 2011; 25 days ago (2011-10-19)) 10.50[46] No 10.60[47][48] No
Konqueror 4.7.3  (2 November 2011; 11 days ago (2011-11-02))[49] 4.4[50] Manual install[note 8] Yes[52] Manual install[note 8]
Epiphany 3.0.4  (July 1, 2011; 4 months ago (2011-07-01)) 2.28[53] Manual install[note 9] Yes[note 9][54] Manual install[note 9]

Usage

As of April 2010, in the wake of Apple iPad launch, a number of high-profile sites have started to serve H.264 HTML5 video instead of Flash for user-agents identifying as iPad.[55]

As of May 2010, HTML5 video is not currently as widespread as Flash videos, though recent rollouts of experimental HTML5-based video players from DailyMotion[56] (using Ogg Theora and Vorbis format), YouTube[57] (using the H.264 and WebM formats) and Vimeo[58] (using the H.264 format) suggest that interest in adopting HTML5 video is increasing.

Some major video-providing websites have announced decisions to continue using technologies other than HTML5 video.[59][60][61] According to a YouTube blog post, the <video> tag does not currently meet all the needs of a website like YouTube[62]. The main reasons stated include the lack of a standard format, the absence of an effective and reliable means of delivering the video to the browser, JavaScript unable to display video fullscreen, and content protection issues. Hulu also has not adopted HTML5 video due to the inability of providing the user with adaptive bandwidth videos, securing the producer's content, and providing advertisers with data.[63] Netflix stated that there are a number of issues preventing them from using HTML5 video: acceptable A/V container formats; acceptable audio and video codecs; streaming protocol; a way for the streaming protocol to adapt to available bandwidth; a way of conveying information about available streams and other parameters to the streaming player module; a way of supporting protected content; and a way of exposing all this functionality into HTML5.[64][60]

On January 11, 2011, Google's Chromium Project announced on their blog that support for closed codecs (particularly H.264) would be removed from future releases of Chrome. The Chromium announcement specifically mentioned that this removal was an effort to increase the use of license-free HTML5 and the <video> tag, driving web-wide adoption of the open-source codecs VP8 and Theora.

A number of advanced HTML5 video players and larger solutions have appeared. SublimeVideo Player was the first to demo how a custom player could provide a better viewing experience than the browser's native player, introducing features a unified player across all devices, flash fallback for older and incompatible devices and true HTML5 fullscreen video. Other popular choices include JW Player and Video JS.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ at least for Phonon and its backends [20], that is DirectShow, QuickTime and GStreamer
  2. ^ Google released a WebM component for Media Foundation to allow the playback of WebM files in IE9 through the standard HTML5 <video> tag.[23]
  3. ^ Possible if the user has installed a VP8 codec on Windows for IE9.[24]
  4. ^ Possible on some systems if the HTML5 extension for Windows Media Player Firefox plug-in is installed.[28]
  5. ^ Third-party codec packages are available.[39].
  6. ^ Supported if XiphQT is installed.
  7. ^ Any format supported by QuickTime or Core Video on OS X.[45]
  8. ^ a b Any format supported by Phonon on Qt 4.5.[51]. Format support depends on the backend of Phonon. Available Phonon backends include GStreamer and xine; backends using MPlayer and VLC are in development.
  9. ^ a b c Any format supported by GStreamer on Webkit/GTK+ builds of Epiphany.

References

  1. ^ "The video element". HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML. World Wide Web Consortium. 24 June 2010. http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/video.html#video. Retrieved 2010-09-27. "A video element is used for playing videos or movies." 
  2. ^ Hickson, Ian (10 December 2007). "[whatwg] Video codec requirements changed". whatwg mailing list mailing list. http://lists.whatwg.org/pipermail/whatwg-whatwg.org/2007-December/013135.html. Retrieved 2008-02-25. 
  3. ^ "(X)HTML5 Tracking". HTML5.org. http://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker?from=1142&to=1143. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
  4. ^ "[whatwg] Removal of Ogg is *preposterous*". WHATWG mailing list. Lists.whatwg.org. 11 December. http://lists.whatwg.org/pipermail/whatwg-whatwg.org/2007-December/013152.html. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  5. ^ "Steve Jobs: mystery patent pool to attack Ogg Theora". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/30/steve_jobs_claims_ogg_theora_attack/. Retrieved 9 July 2011. 
  6. ^ Hickson, Ian (2007-12-11). "Re: [whatwg] Removal of Ogg is *preposterous*". whatwg mailing list mailing list. http://lists.whatwg.org/pipermail/whatwg-whatwg.org/2007-December/013154.html. Retrieved 2008-02-25. 
  7. ^ a b Stachowiak, Maciej (21 March 2007). "[whatwg] Codecs (was Re: Apple Proposal for Timed Media Elements)". whatwg mailing list mailing list. http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2007-March/010392.html. Retrieved 2008-02-25. 
  8. ^ "The Attack Against Ogg Theora or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Proprietary Web". Metavid. 11 December 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. http://google.com/search?q=cache:Fmc-sySHE0oJ:metavid.org/blog/2007/12/11/the-attack-against-ogg-theora-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-proprietary-web/+http://metavid.org/blog/2007/12/11/the-attack-against-ogg-theora-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-proprietary-web/&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-a. Retrieved 2009-06-30. 
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  12. ^ (PDF) AVC/H.264 Patent List, MPEG LA, 2010-02-01, http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/avc/Documents/avc-att1.pdf 
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  14. ^ Matt Lee (May 19, 2010). "FSF gratulates google". FSF. http://www.fsf.org/news/free-software-foundation-statement-on-webm-and-vp8. 
  15. ^ Peter Bright (January 12, 2011 12:30 PM). "Google's dropping H.264 from Chrome a step backward for openness". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/web/news/2011/01/googles-dropping-h264-from-chrome-a-step-backward-for-openness.ars/. 
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  22. ^ McCracken, Harry (2010-03-16), Microsoft Previews the Revamped Internet Explorer 9 Platform, Technologizer, http://technologizer.com/2010/03/16/ie9-platform-preview/ 
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  24. ^ Hachamovitch, Dean (2010-05-19), Another Follow-up on HTML5 Video in IE9, Microsoft, http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2010/05/19/another-follow-up-on-html5-video-in-ie9.aspx 
  25. ^ Media formats supported by the audio and video elements, Mozilla, https://developer.mozilla.org/En/Media_formats_supported_by_the_audio_and_video_elements 
  26. ^ Mozilla Firefox Release Notes, November 8th, 2011, https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/8.0/releasenotes/ 
  27. ^ Mozilla Firefox 3.5 Release Notes, Mozilla, 2009-06-30, http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/3.5/releasenotes/, retrieved 2010-02-15 
  28. ^ HTML5 Extension for Windows Media Player Firefox Plug-in, Microsoft Corporation, http://www.interoperabilitybridges.com/html5-extension-for-wmp-plugin, retrieved 2011-01-28 
  29. ^ Bug 566243 - Merge mozilla-webmedia repository to mozilla-central, Mozilla, https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=566243 
  30. ^ Firefox Nightly Builds, Mozilla, http://nightly.mozilla.org/ 
  31. ^ Google Chrome support Theora and Vorbis, Google, 2010-05-20, http://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome 
  32. ^ Google Chrome 3.0 will support <video> tag, http://www.cnetfrance.fr/news/google-chrome-3-39503164.htm 
  33. ^ Differences between Google Chrome and Linux distro Chromium, Google, 2011-03-17, http://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome 
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  35. ^ Bankoski, Jim (2010-05-19), WebM and VP8 land in Chromium, Google, http://blog.chromium.org/2010/05/webm-and-vp8-land-in-chromium.html 
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  59. ^ Gizmodo: HTML5 isn't going to save the internet
  60. ^ a b Gigaom.com: Netflix has no plans to use HTML5
  61. ^ Pseudocoder: Why HTML5 won't replace Flash
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  64. ^ PCMag: Netflix working on HTML5 streaming

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