Old Europe (politics)

This article is about the term in contemporary politics. For the term coined by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, see Old Europe (archaeology). For Europe before the French Revolution of 1789, see Ancien Régime.

Old Europe is a term that was first used by then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld in January 2003 to refer to European countries that did not support the 2003 invasion of Iraq, specifically France and Germany. Since then, the term has been used by pundits and media personalities to describe various combinations of the first-world countries of Europe; comedian Jon Stewart, for example, has applied the term humorously to all Western European Old Powers, most notably Germany, France and the United Kingdom.^[1]

Origin

On January 22, 2003 Rumsfeld answered a question from Charles Groenhuijsen, a Dutch journalist, about the potential US invasion:^[2]

Q: Sir, a question about the mood among European allies. You were talking about the Islamic world a second ago. But now the European allies. If you look at, for example, France, Germany, also a lot of people in my own country -- I'm from Dutch public TV, by the way -- it seems that a lot of Europeans rather give the benefit of the doubt to Saddam Hussein than President George Bush. These are U.S. allies. What do you make of that?

Rumsfeld: Well, it's -- what do I make of it?

Q: They have no clerics. They have no Muslim clerics there.

Rumsfeld: Are you helping me? (Laughter.) Do you think I need help? (Laughter.)

What do I think about it? Well, there isn't anyone alive who wouldn't prefer unanimity. I mean, you just always would like everyone to stand up and say, Way to go! That's the right thing to do, United States.

Now, we rarely find unanimity in the world. I was ambassador to NATO, and I -- when we would go in and make a proposal, there wouldn't be unanimity. There wouldn't even be understanding. And we'd have to be persuasive. We'd have to show reasons. We'd have to -- have to give rationales. We'd have to show facts. And, by golly, I found that Europe on any major issue is given -- if there's leadership and if you're right, and if your facts are persuasive, Europe responds. And they always have.

Now, you're thinking of Europe as Germany and France. I don't. I think that's old Europe. If you look at the entire NATO Europe today, the center of gravity is shifting to the east. And there are a lot of new members. And if you just take the list of all the members of NATO and all of those who have been invited in recently -- what is it? Twenty-six, something like that? -- you're right. Germany has been a problem, and France has been a problem.

Q: But opinion polls --

Rumsfeld: But -- just a minute. Just a minute. But you look at vast numbers of other countries in Europe. They're not with France and Germany on this, they're with the United States.

The expression was interpreted as a dig against a "sclerotic" and old-fashioned Western Europe. It became a potent symbol, especially after division emerged over Iraq between France and Germany and some of the new Central and Southeastern European entrants and applicants to NATO and the European Union.^[3]

Further diplomatic tension built up when Rumsfeld pointed out in February 2003, that Germany, Cuba and Libya were the only nations completely opposing a possible war in Iraq (a statement that was formally correct at the time). This was interpreted by many that he would put Germany on a common level with dictatorships violating human rights.^[4]

Later usage

The German translation altes Europa was the word of the year for 2003 in Germany, because German politicians and commentators responded by often using it in a sarcastic way.^[5] It was frequently used with pride and a reference to a perceived position of greater moral integrity. The terms altes Europa and Old Europe have subsequently surfaced in European economic and political discourse. For example, in a January 2005 unveiling for the new Airbus A380 aircraft, German chancellor Gerhard Schröder said, "There is the tradition of good old Europe that has made this possible." A BBC News article about the unveiling said Schröder "deliberately redefined the phrase previously used by... Rumsfeld."^[6]

Outside of Rumsfeld's usage of "Old Europe", the term New Europe (and neues Europa) also appeared, indicating either the European states that supported the war, the Central European states that had been newly accepted to the EU, or a new economically and technologically dynamic and liberal Europe, often including the United Kingdom.

"Old Europe" has also been used to describe the problems of a largely ageing population in Europe and potentially unfundable pension plans.^[7] However several Eastern European countries considered as New Europe tend to have an older population profile due to plunging birth rates, little immigration and the exodus of younger adults to work in Western Europe.

Rumsfeld made fun of his statement shortly before a 2005 diplomatic trip to Europe. "When I first mentioned I might be travelling in France and Germany it raised some eyebrows. One wag said it ought to be an interesting trip after all that has been said. I thought for a moment and then I replied: 'Oh, that was the old Rumsfeld.'"^[8]

The phrase continued to be used after Rumsfeld's tenure. In a March 2009 speech to the United States Congress, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said "There is no old Europe, no new Europe. There is only your friend Europe," which The Boston Globe called "an oblique shot at" Rumsfeld.^[9] The next month, speaking in Prague, U.S. President Barack Obama, echoing Brown's words, said, "in my view, there is no old Europe or new Europe. There is only a United Europe."^{[10] [11]}

Dominique de Villepin

When the UN Security Council discussed Iraq on February 14, 2003, the French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin ended his speech with the words: "This message comes to you today from an old country, France, from a continent like mine, Europe, that has known wars, occupation and barbarity. (…) Faithful to its values, it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community. It believes in our ability to build together a better world."

The next diplomat to speak, British Foreign Minister Jack Straw, remarked: "Mr. President, I speak on behalf of a very old country, founded in 1066 by the French."^[12]

Jon Stewart

In his satirical 2004 book America (The Book), Jon Stewart describes Old Europe (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland) as follows:

...Old Europe, a once-dominant region now reduced to sucking at the geopolitical teat of [America]... they spent the better part of the last millennium conquering the world and taking the good stuff home with them... And what do they get for their troubles? Ungrateful colonies demanding their independence. And after you taught them how to play cricket!... They've banded together to form a powerful coalition - the European Union - that will once again propel Europe to its rightful place amongst the world's most powerful... Wait, where's Belgium going?... We wanted to show you the new logo...

—p. 194, ^[1]

Antecedent uses

The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels starts with the words:

A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

When Marx used the term in 1848, the year of failed liberal revolutions across Europe, he was referring to the restoration of Ancien régime dynasties, following the defeat of Napoleon. Of his three sets of pairs, each pair links figures who might on the surface be considered adversaries, in alliances that he clearly sees as unholy. An "Old Europe" must find a mental contrast with a posited "New Europe".^[13]

In his ultra-nationalistic, anti-European book of 1904, America Rules the World, E. David used 'Old Europe' in the following context:

The true American citizen is by nature brave, honest, amiable, hospitable, patriotic, energetic and intelligent; he is practical and yet idealistic and enthusiastic. Cultivation and refinement make him a gentleman equal, if not superior, to the gentry of the best educated classes of Old Europe for manners and behavior. An educated American is the best and most generous of friends.^[14]

The term has also sometimes been used in film criticism, usually referring to the Europe remembered by Hollywood exiles from the final years before revolutions and the overthrow of monarchies affected much of the continent, and recalled in the films of such directors as Ernst Lubitsch and Josef von Sternberg.^[15][16]

Old Europe is also used to describe the prehistoric culture and people found in Europe prior to the migration of Indo-European peoples in the Neolithic.

See also

• Axis of weasels
• European Foreign Policy
• Freedom fries
• New Europe
• Old World
• Transatlantic relations

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Stewart, J. (2004). American: The Book. New York City: Warner Books.
2. ^ Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center. U.S. Department of Defense. January 22, 2003.
3. ^ Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks. BBC News. January 23, 2003.
4. ^ Cornwell, Rupert (February 8, 2003). Rumsfeld 'mends fences' by lumping Germany with Cuba and Libya in an axis of bad boys. The Independent.
5. ^ The German Word of the Year. About.com.
6. ^ Madslien, Jorn (January 18, 2005). Giant plane a testimony to 'old Europe'. BBC News.
7. ^ Wiletts, David (2003). Old Europe? Demographic change and pension reform. Centre for European Reform.
8. ^ Rumsfeld urges terror fight unity. BBC News. February 12, 2005.
9. ^ UK's Brown seeks US help to aid world economy, Susan Milligan, The Boston Globe, March 5, 2009
10. ^ 'Erdogan Has Gambled Away Political Capital', Charles Hawley, Der Spiegel, April 7, 2009
11. ^ http://www.unitedcenter.com/unitedcenter/VirtualTourBrewPub.asp Budweiser United Halal Carvery USA
12. ^ 'Old' nations take issue with age-old comments. St. Petersburg Times. February 15, 2003.
13. ^ Roter, Peter; Šabič, Zlatko "'New' and 'old Europe' in the context of the Iraq war and its implications for European security." Perspectives on European Politics and Society. 5(3), 517 — 542.
14. ^ Etienne Joseph, David (1904). America Rules the World. San Francisco International Publishing. p. 7.
15. ^ Eyman, Scott (2000). Ernst Lubitsch: Laughter in Paradise. JHU Press. p. 157.
16. ^ Ingram, Susan; Reisenleitner, Markus; Szabo-Knotik, Cornelia (2002). Reverberations: representations of modernity, tradition and cultural value in-between Central Europe and North America. P. Lang. p. 147.