Hacker (computer security)

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Computer security hacking
History
Phreaking, Cryptovirology
Hacker ethic
Hacker Manifesto, Black hat, Grey hat, White hat, Black Hat Briefings, DEF CON
Cybercrime
Computer crime, Crimeware, List of convicted computer criminals, Script kiddie
Hacking tools
Vulnerability, Exploit, Payload
Malware
Rootkit, Backdoor, Trojan horse, Virus, Worm, Spyware, Botnet, Keystroke logging, Antivirus software, Firewall, HIDS
Computer security
Computer insecurity, Application security, Network security
v · d · e

In computer security and everyday language, a hacker is someone who breaks into computers and computer networks. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, including profit, protest, or because of the challenge.^[1] The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground but it is now an open community.^[2] While other uses of the word hacker exist that are not related to computer security, they are rarely used in mainstream context. They are subject to the long standing hacker definition controversy about the true meaning of the term hacker. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by computer programmers who argue that someone breaking into computers is better called a cracker,^[3] not making a difference between computer criminals (black hats) and computer security experts (white hats). Some white hat hackers claim that they also deserve the title hacker, and that only black hats should be called crackers.

History

Further information: Timeline of computer security hacker history

Bruce Sterling traces part of the roots of the computer underground to the Yippies, a 1960s counterculture movement which published the Technological Assistance Program (TAP) newsletter.^{[citation needed]} TAP was a phone phreaking newsletter that taught the techniques necessary for the unauthorized exploration of the phone network. Many people from the phreaking community are also active in the hacking community even today, and vice versa.^{[citation needed]}

Artifacts and customs

The computer underground^[1] has produced its own slang and various forms of unusual alphabet use, for example 1337speak. Political attitude usually includes views for freedom of information, freedom of speech, a right for anonymity and most have a strong opposition against copyright. Writing programs and performing other activities to support these views is referred to as hacktivism. Some go as far as seeing illegal cracking ethically justified for this goal; a common form is website defacement. The computer underground is frequently compared to the Wild West.^[4] It is common among hackers to use aliases for the purpose of concealing identity, rather than revealing their real names.

Hacker groups and conventions

Main articles: Hacker conference and Hacker group

The computer underground is supported by regular real-world gatherings called hacker conventions or "hacker cons". These draw many people every year including SummerCon (Summer), DEF CON, HoHoCon (Christmas), ShmooCon (February), BlackHat, Hacker Halted, and H.O.P.E..^{[citation needed]} In the early 1980s Hacker Groups became popular, Hacker groups provided access to information and resources, and a place to learn from other members. Hackers could also gain credibility by being affiliated with an elite group.^[5]

Hacker attitudes

Several subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes and aims use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with which they do not agree. Eric S. Raymond (author of The New Hacker's Dictionary) advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as one wider hacker culture, a view harshly rejected by Raymond himself. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they give more emphasis to a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term cracker. According to (Clifford R.D. 2006) a cracker or cracking is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system".^[6] These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities.^[7]

White hat

A white hat hacker breaks security for non-malicious reasons, for instance testing their own security system.The term "white hat" in Internet slang refers to an ethical hacker. This classification also includes individuals who perform penetration tests and vulnerability assessments within a contractual agreement. Often, this type of 'white hat' hacker is called an ethical hacker. The International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants, also known as the EC-Council has developed certifications, courseware, classes, and online training covering the diverse arena of Ethical Hacking.^[7]

Black hat

A Black Hat Hacker is a hacker who "violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain"(Moore,2005).^[8] Black Hat Hackers are "the epitome of all that the public fears in a computer criminal".^[9] Black Hat Hackers break into secure networks to destroy data or make the network unusable for those who are authorized to use the network. The way Black Hat Hackers choose the networks that they are going to break into is by a process that can be broken down into two parts. This is called the pre-hacking stage.

Part 1 Targeting Targeting is when the hacker determines what network to break into. The target may be of particular interest to the hacker, or the hacker may "Port Scan" a network to determine if it is vulnerable to attacks. A port is defined as "an opening through which the computer receives data via the network".^[8] Open ports will allow a hacker to access the system.

Part 2 Research and Information Gathering It is in this stage that the hacker will visit or contact the target in some way in hopes of finding out vital information that will help them access the system. The main way that hackers get desired results from this stage is from Social Engineering, which will be explained below. Aside from Social Engineering hackers can also use a technique called Dumpster Diving. Dumpster Diving is when a hacker will literally dive into a dumpster in hopes to find documents that users have thrown away, which will help them gain access to a network.

Grey hat

A grey hat hacker is a combination of a Black Hat and a White Hat Hacker. A Grey Hat Hacker may surf the internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has been hacked, for example. Then they may offer to repair their system for a small fee.^[9]

Elite hacker

A social status among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled. Newly discovered exploits will circulate among these hackers. Elite groups such as Masters of Deception conferred a kind of credibility on their members.^[10]

Script kiddie

A script kiddie(or skiddie) is a non-expert who breaks into computer systems by using pre-packaged automated tools written by others, usually with little understanding of the underlying concept—hence the term script (i.e. a prearranged plan or set of activities) kiddie (i.e. kid, child—an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature).^[11]

Neophyte

A neophyte, "n00b", or "newbie" is someone who is new to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of the workings of technology, and hacking.^[9]

Blue hat

A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term BlueHat to represent a series of security briefing events.^[12][13][14]

Hacktivist

A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to announce a social, ideological, religious, or political message. In general, most hacktivism involves website defacement or denial-of-service attacks.

Attacks

Main article: Computer insecurity

Computer security
Secure operating systems
Security architecture
Security by design
Secure coding
Computer insecurity
Vulnerability	Social engineering Eavesdropping
Exploits	Trojans Viruses and worms Denial of service
Payloads	Backdoors Rootkits Keyloggers
v · d · e

A typical approach in an attack on Internet-connected system is:

1. Network enumeration: Discovering information about the intended target.
2. Vulnerability analysis: Identifying potential ways of attack.
3. Exploitation: Attempting to compromise the system by employing the vulnerabilities found through the vulnerability analysis.^[15]

In order to do so, there are several recurring tools of the trade and techniques used by computer criminals and security experts.

Security exploits

Main article: Exploit (computer security)

A security exploit is a prepared application that takes advantage of a known weakness. Common examples of security exploits are SQL injection, Cross Site Scripting and Cross Site Request Forgery which abuse security holes that may result from substandard programming practice. Other exploits would be able to be used through FTP, HTTP, PHP, SSH, Telnet and some web-pages. These are very common in website/domain hacking.

Techniques

Vulnerability scanner

Main article: Vulnerability scanner

A vulnerability scanner is a tool used to quickly check computers on a network for known weaknesses. Hackers also commonly use port scanners. These check to see which ports on a specified computer are "open" or available to access the computer, and sometimes will detect what program or service is listening on that port, and its version number. (Note that firewalls defend computers from intruders by limiting access to ports/machines both inbound and outbound, but can still be circumvented.)

Password cracking

Main article: Password cracking

Password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. A common approach is to repeatedly try guesses for the password.

Packet sniffer

Main article: Packet sniffer

A packet sniffer is an application that captures data packets, which can be used to capture passwords and other data in transit over the network.

Spoofing attack (Phishing)

Main article: Spoofing attack

A spoofing attack involves one program, system, or website successfully masquerading as another by falsifying data and thereby being treated as a trusted system by a user or another program. The purpose of this is usually to fool programs, systems, or users into revealing confidential information, such as user names and passwords, to the attacker.

Rootkit

Main article: Rootkit

A rootkit is designed to conceal the compromise of a computer's security, and can represent any of a set of programs which work to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate operators. Usually, a rootkit will obscure its installation and attempt to prevent its removal through a subversion of standard system security. Rootkits may include replacements for system binaries so that it becomes impossible for the legitimate user to detect the presence of the intruder on the system by looking at process tables.

Social engineering

Main article: Social engineering (computer security)

When a Hacker, typically a black hat, is in the second stage of the targeting process, he or she will typically use some social engineering tactics to get enough information to access the network. A common practice for hackers who use this technique, is to contact the system administrator and play the role of a user who cannot get access to his or her system. Hackers who use this technique have to be quite savvy and choose the words they use carefully, in order to trick the system administrator into giving them information. In some cases only an employed help desk user will answer the phone and they are generally easy to trick. Another typical hacker approach is for the hacker to act like a very angry supervisor and when the his/her authority is questioned they will threaten the help desk user with their job. Social Engineering is so effective because users are the most vulnerable part of an organization. All the security devices and programs in the world won't keep an organization safe if an employee gives away a password. Black Hat Hackers take advantage of this fact. Social Engineering can also be broken down into four sub-groups. These are intimidation, helpfulness, technical, and name-dropping.

• Intimidation As stated above, with the angry supervisor, the hacker attacks the person who answers the phone with threats to their job. Many people at this point will accept that the hacker is a supervisor and give them the needed information.
• Helpfulness Opposite to intimidation, helpfulness is taking advantage of a person natural instinct to help someone with a problem. The hacker will not get angry instead act very distressed and concerned. The help desk is the most vulnerable to this type of Social Engineering, because they generally have the authority to change or reset passwords which is exactly what the hacker needs.
• Name-Dropping Simply put the hacker uses the names of advanced users as "key words", and gets the person who answers the phone to believe that they are part of the company because of this. Some information, like web page ownership, can be obtained easily on the web. Other information such as president and vice president names might have to be obtained via dumpster diving.
• Technical Using technology to get information is also a great way to get it. A hacker can send a fax or an email to a legitimate user in hopes to get a response containing vital information. Many times the hacker will act like he/she is involved with law enforcement and needs certain data for record keeping purposes or investigations.

Trojan horses

Main article: Trojan horse (computing)

A Trojan horse is a program which seems to be doing one thing, but is actually doing another. A trojan horse can be used to set up a back door in a computer system such that the intruder can gain access later. (The name refers to the horse from the Trojan War, with conceptually similar function of deceiving defenders into bringing an intruder inside.)

Viruses

Main article: Computer virus

A virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. Therefore, a computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells.

While some are harmless or mere hoaxes most computer viruses are considered malicious.

Worms

Main article: Computer worm

Like a virus, a worm is also a self-replicating program. A worm differs from a virus in that it propagates through computer networks without user intervention. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Many people conflate the terms "virus" and "worm", using them both to describe any self-propagating program.

Key loggers

Main article: Keystroke logging

A key logger is a tool designed to record ('log') every keystroke on an affected machine for later retrieval. Its purpose is usually to allow the user of this tool to gain access to confidential information typed on the affected machine, such as a user's password or other private data. Some key loggers uses virus-, trojan-, and rootkit-like methods to remain active and hidden. However, some key loggers are used in legitimate ways and sometimes to even enhance computer security. As an example, a business might have a key logger on a computer used at a point of sale and data collected by the key logger could be used for catching employee fraud.

Notable intruders and criminal hackers

Main article: List of convicted computer criminals

Notable security hackers

Main article: List of hackers

• Kevin Mitnick is a computer security consultant and author, formerly the most wanted computer criminal in United States history.^[16]
• Eric Corley (also known as Emmanuel Goldstein) is the long standing publisher of 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. He is also the founder of the H.O.P.E. conferences. He has been part of the hacker community since the late '70s.
• Gordon Lyon, known by the handle Fyodor, authored the Nmap Security Scanner as well as many network security books and web sites. He is a founding member of the Honeynet Project and Vice President of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
• Solar Designer is the pseudonym of the founder of the Openwall Project.
• Rafael Núñez aka RaFa was a notorious most wanted hacker by the FBI since 2001.
• Michał Zalewski (lcamtuf) is a prominent security researcher.
• Gary McKinnon is a Scottish hacker facing extradition to the United States to face charges of perpetrating what has been described as the "biggest military computer hack of all time".^[17]

Hacking and the media

Hacker magazines

Main category: Hacker magazines

The most notable hacker-oriented magazine publications are Phrack, Hakin9 and 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. While the information contained in hacker magazines and ezines was often outdated, they improved the reputations of those who contributed by documenting their successes.^[5]

Hackers in fiction

See also: List of fictional hackers

Hackers often show an interest in fictional cyberpunk and cyberculture literature and movies. Absorption of fictional pseudonyms, symbols, values, and metaphors from these fictional works is very common.^{[citation needed]}

Books portraying hackers:

• The cyberpunk novels of William Gibson — especially the Sprawl Trilogy — are very popular with hackers.^[18]
• Merlin, the protagonist of the second series in The Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny is a young immortal hacker-mage prince who has the ability to traverse shadow dimensions.
• Hackers (short stories)
• Snow Crash
• Helba from the .hack manga and anime series.
• Little Brother by Cory Doctorow
• Rice Tea by Julien McArdle
• Lisbeth Salander in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson

Films also portray hackers:

Cypher Tron Tron Legacy WarGames The Matrix series Hackers Swordfish

The Net The Net 2.0 Antitrust Enemy of the State Sneakers Untraceable

Firewall Die Hard "4": Live Free or Die Hard Eagle Eye Take Down Weird Science

• Pirates of silicon valley (related to hacker like Steve Jobs, not crackers)

Non-fiction books

• Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, Second Edition by Jon Erickson
• The Hacker Crackdown
• The Art of Intrusion by Kevin D. Mitnick
• The Art of Deception by Kevin D. Mitnick
• Ghost in the Wires by Kevin D. Mitnick
• Takedown
• The Hacker's Handbook
• The Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll
• Underground by Suelette Dreyfus
• Stealing the Network: How to Own the Box, How to Own an Identity, and How to Own an Continent by various authors

Fiction books

• Ender's Game
• Neuromancer
• Evil Genius (novel)
• Snow Crash

See also

• Hacker (programmer subculture)
• Black hat
• Computer crime
• Computer hacking
• Cyber spying
• Cyber Storm Exercise
• Cyber warfare
• Exploit (computer security)
• Grey hat
• Hack value
• Hacker Manifesto
• Hacker (term)
• Hacktivism
• IT risk
• List of notable hackers
• Mathematical beauty
• Metasploit
• Penetration test
• Technology assessment
• Vulnerability (computing)
• White hat
• Wireless hacking

References

Taylor, 1999 

Taylor, Paul A. (1999). Hackers. Routledge. ISBN 9780415180726. 

1. ^ ^{a b} Sterling, Bruce (1993). "Part 2(d)". The Hacker Crackdown. McLean, Virginia: IndyPublish.com. p. 61. ISBN 1-4043-0641-2. 
2. ^ Blomquist, Brian (May 29, 1999). "FBI's Web Site Socked as Hackers Target Feds". New York Post. Retrieved on October 21, 2008.
3. ^ S. Raymond, Eric. "Jargon File: Cracker". http://catb.org/jargon/html/C/cracker.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08. "Coined ca. 1985 by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of hacker" 
4. ^ Tim Jordan, Paul A. Taylor (2004). Hacktivism and Cyberwars. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9780415260039. "Wild West imagery has permeated discussions of cybercultures." 
5. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Douglas. Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780816633463. 
6. ^ Clifford, Ralph D. (2006). Cybercrime:The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-Related Crime Second Edition. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Wilhelm, Douglas. "2". Professional Penetration Testing. Syngress Press. p. 503. ISBN 9781597494250. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Moore, Robert (2005). Cybercrime: Investigating High Technology Computer Crime. Matthew Bender & Company. p. 258. ISBN 1-59345-303-5. Robert Moore
9. ^ ^{a b c} Moore, Robert (2006). Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9781593453039. 
10. ^ Thomas, Douglas (2002). Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816633463. 
11. ^ Andress, Mandy; Cox, Phil; Tittel, Ed. CIW Security Professional. New York, NY: Hungry Minds, Inc.. p. 638. ISBN 0764548220. 
12. ^ "Blue hat hacker Definition". PC Magazine Encyclopedia. http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=blue+hat+hacker&i=56321,00.asp. Retrieved 31 May 2010. "A security professional invited by Microsoft to find vulnerabilities in Windows." 
13. ^ Fried, Ina (June 15, 2005). ""Blue Hat" summit meant to reveal ways of the other side". Microsoft meets the hackers. CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/Microsoft-meets-the-hackers/2009-1002_3-5747813.html. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
14. ^ Markoff, John (October 17, 2005). "At Microsoft, Interlopers Sound Off on Security". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/17/technology/17hackers.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1. Retrieved 31 May 2010. 
15. ^ Hacking approach
16. ^ "Kevin Mitnick sentenced to nearly four years in prison; computer hacker ordered to pay restitution ..." (Press release). United States Attorney's Office, Central District of California. 9 August 1999. http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/mitnick.htm. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
17. ^ Boyd, Clark (30 July 2008). "Profile: Gary McKinnon". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4715612.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
18. ^ Staples, Brent (May 11, 2003). "A Prince of Cyberpunk Fiction Moves Into the Mainstream". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/opinion/11SUN3.html?ex=1367985600&en=9714db46bfff633a&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND. Retrieved 2008-08-30. "Mr. Gibson's novels and short stories are worshiped by hackers" ^{[dead link]}

Related literature

• Kevin Beaver. Hacking For Dummies. ISBN 978-0764557842. http://books.google.com/books?id=ulZ7ln6ORBAC&lpg=PP1&ots=BbHPy4NvPN&dq=Kevin%20Beaver.%20Hacking%20For%20Dummies.&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Richard Conway, Julian Cordingley. Code Hacking: A Developer's Guide to Network Security. ISBN 978-1584503149. 
• “Dot.Con: The Dangers of Cyber Crime and a Call for Proactive Solutions,” by Johanna Granville, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 49, no. 1. (Winter 2003), pp. 102–109.
• Katie Hafner & John Markoff (1991). Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68322-5. 
• David H. Freeman & Charles C. Mann (1997). @ Large: The Strange Case of the World's Biggest Internet Invasion. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82464-7. 
• Suelette Dreyfus (1997). Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier. Mandarin. ISBN 1-86330-595-5. 
• Bill Apro & Graeme Hammond (2005). Hackers: The Hunt for Australia's Most Infamous Computer Cracker. Five Mile Press. ISBN 1-74124-722-5. 
• Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray & George Kurtz (1999). Hacking Exposed. Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-212127-0. 
• Michael Gregg (2006). Certfied Ethical Hacker. Pearson. ISBN 978-0789735317. 
• Clifford Stoll (1990). The Cuckoo's Egg. The Bodley Head Ltd. ISBN 0-370-31433-6. 

External links

• CNN Tech PCWorld Staff (November 2001). Timeline: A 40-year history of hacking from 1960 to 2001
• Discovery Channel Documentary. History of Hacking Documentary video