Makah people

For the Saudi Arabian city sometimes called Makkah, see Mecca.

Makah

A Makah woman, circa 1900
Total population
1213
Regions with significant populations
United States
Languages
English, qʷi·qʷi·diččaq
Related ethnic groups
Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht

The Makah ( /məˈkɑː/, from the Klallam name for the tribe, màq̓áʔa)^[1] are a Native American people from the northwestern corner of the continental United States in Washington. The Makah tribe lives in and around the town of Neah Bay, Washington, a small fishing village along the Strait of Juan de Fuca where it meets the Pacific Ocean. Their reservation on the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula includes Tatoosh Island. The Makah people refer to themselves as "Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx" (Qʷidiččaʔa·t) which translates as "the people who live by the rocks and seagulls".^[1][2] Linguistically and ethnographically, they are closely related to the Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht peoples of the West Coast of Vancouver Island across the Strait of Juan de Fuca in British Columbia.

History

Pre-colonial

Archaeological research suggests that the Makah people have inhabited the area now known as Neah Bay for more than 3,800 years. The ancient Makah lived in villages, inhabiting large longhouses made from western red cedar. These longhouses had cedar-plank walls. The planks could be tilted or removed to provide ventilation or light. The cedar tree was of great value to the Makah, who utilized its bark to make clothing and hats. Cedar roots were used in basket making, while canoes were carved from whole trees to hunt seals, gray whales and humpback whales. The Makah acquired much of their food from the ocean. Their diet consisted of whale, seal, fish, and a wide variety of shellfish. They would also hunt deer, elk, and bear from the surrounding forests.

Much of what is known about the way of life of the ancient Makah is derived from their oral tradition. There is also an abundance of archeological evidence of how the Makah lived.

Ozette Dig

In the early 17th century, a mudslide engulfed part of a Makah village near Lake Ozette. The mudslide preserved several houses and their contents in a collapsed state until the 1970s when they were excavated by Makahs and archaeologists from Washington State University. Over 55,000 artifacts were recovered, representing many activities of the Makahs, from whale and seal hunting to salmon and halibut fishing; as well as toys, games, bows and arrows. The oral history of the Makah mentions a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago.

Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by Richard Daugherty.^[3] However, it was not until 1970 that it became apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February 1970, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well preserved wooden artifacts. The excavation of the Ozette site began shortly after. University students worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years and produced over 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in the Makah Cultural and Research Center. The museum opened in 1979 and displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes.^[4]

Japanese castaways in 1834

In 1834, a dismasted, rudderless ship from Japan ran aground near Cape Flattery. The three survivors of the broken ship were held as slaves for several months by the Makah before being taken to Fort Vancouver.^[5][6]

Treaty of Neah Bay

A Makah settlement, circa 1900.

On January 31, 1855, the select Makah tribe representatives signed the Treaty of Neah Bay with the U.S. federal government, reducing the size of their traditional lands to what it is now. The treaty allowed for the establishment of the Makah Reservation (at 48°19′20″N 124°37′57″W / 48.32222°N 124.6325°W / 48.32222; -124.6325 in Clallam County) and preserved the right of the Makah people to hunt whales and seals.^[7] The Makah language was not used during the negotiation of the treaty, and the government used the Salish name for the tribe. Makah is actually an incorrect pronunciation of a Salish term meaning "generous with food".^[8]

Contemporary culture

In 1936, the Makah Tribe signed the Makah Constitution, accepting the Indian Reorganization Act and establishing an elected tribal government. The constitution provided for a five member Tribal Council. Each year the council elects a Tribal Chairperson. The Council develops and passes laws for the Makah Reservation.

Tribal census data from 1999 show that the Makah Tribe has 1,214 enrolled members, though only 1,079 live on the reservation. The unemployment rate on the reservation is approximately 51%.

The Makah tribe hosts its annual major public gathering, Makah Days, in late August. It features a grand parade and street fair as well as canoe races, traditional games, singing, dancing, feasting, and fireworks.

Currently, many Makah tribal members derive most of their income from fishing. Makah fish for salmon, halibut, Pacific whiting, and other marine fish.

Language

Main article: Makah language

The Makah language is the Indigenous language spoken by the Makah people. Makah has been extinct as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool classes.^[9][10] The endonymous name for Makah is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq.^[11] The Makah tribe linguistically belongs to the Southern Nootkan branch of the Wakashan family of languages among North American indigenous peoples.The Makah language, also known as qʷi·qʷi·diččaq (qwiqwidicciat) is the only Wakashan language in the United States, with the other members in British Columbia, Canada, immediately across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the west coast of Vancouver Island and northwards as far as that province's Central Coast region. Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast contains more information on linguistic links.

Whaling

Makah whalers, circa 1910.

Makah oral history relates that their tradition of aboriginal whaling has been suspended and re-established several times. Most recently, the practice was suspended in the 1920s in response to the depletion of humpback and gray whale stocks by the coastal whaling industry. After the gray whale was removed from the Endangered Species List, the Makah re-asserted their whaling rights. With the support and guidance of the United States government and the International Whaling Commission, the Makah successfully hunted a gray whale on May 17, 1999. According to federal law, the Makah are entitled to hunt and kill one baleen whale, typically a gray whale, each year, though archaeological records and oral history indicate a significant number of humpback whales were hunted as well.

The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor intensive. From cedar canoes, each seating six to nine people and more recently, from small fishing vessels, they hunt in the Pacific Ocean adjacent to their territory. Various traditional criteria are used to determine the best whale to harvest. By counting the whale's exhalations, the hunters determine when the whale is about to dive, and this is used to determine the best time to strike. Approaching the whale's left side, the hunter strikes when the whale is 3-4 feet deep, to avoid the force of the whale's tail. The harpoon is 16-18 feet long, composed of two pieces of yew wood spliced together. Historically, a mussel shell tip was used, in conjunction with barbs from elk horns. In recent times, a steel "yankee style" head is used, but the yew wood shaft is still used because of its flexibility, water resistance, and strength. Held fast to the whale, the harpoon shaft comes loose, to be recovered later, and a line is thrown from the canoe with seal skin floats attached, to provide drag to weaken the whale. In the past, a series of smaller lances were used to repeatedly strike the whale, gradually weakening and killing it, often over a period of hours, and in some cases, days. Recently, this technique has been replaced with the use of a big game rifle, which is used after the harpoon strike to ensure a more efficient kill. The International Whaling Commission permits four cartridges in whaling: .458 Winchester Magnum, .460 Weatherby Magnum, .50 BMG, and the .577 Tyrannosaur, which the Makah fired in the 1999 hunt.^[12] Once the whale has been killed, a crew member called the "diver" jumps into the water and cuts a hole through the bottom and top of the whale's jaw, to which a tow line and float are attached. This holds the whale's mouth shut and prevents the carcass from filling with water and sinking.

Makah whalers stripping the flesh from a whale, circa 1910.

The whale is towed to shore and received by members of the village. Traditional ceremonies and songs are performed to welcome the whale's spirit. Following this, the whale is divided in a precise and traditional fashion, with certain families having ownership of particular cuts. The "saddle piece" located midway between the center of the back and the tail is the property of the harpooner, and it is taken to his home where a special ceremony is performed. The meat and oil is distributed to community members, and a great deal of it is consumed during a potlatch.

The Makah assert that their right to whale is guaranteed in the 1855 Treaty of Neah Bay, which states in part: "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States." ^[13]

On September 8, 2007, five members of the Makah tribe shot a gray whale using a .460 caliber rifle, similar to that used in hunting elephants, despite court-imposed regulations governing the Makah hunt. The whale died within 12 hours, sinking while heading out to sea after being confiscated and cut loose by the United States Coast Guard.^[14] The tribal council denounced the killing and announced their intention to try the individuals in tribal court.^[15]

Literary and cultural references

• The final scene of Jim Jarmusch's 1995 film Dead Man takes place in a reconstructed Makah village. Many of the actors featured in the scene are Makah tribal members and there is dialogue in the Makah language.
• The book Twilight by Stephenie Meyer contains references to the Makah people.
• The young adult book Ghost Canoe by Will Hobbs takes place on and near the Makah reservation.
• The historical-adventure novel When Wolf Comes by John Pappas gives a detailed glimpse into the lives of the Makah people of 1801.
• The book "Never Trust a White Man" by Arlyn Conly is an intriguing real life account by a white Home Economics teacher working in the Neah Bay High School in the late 1950's.
• The song "The Renegade" by Ian and Sylvia tells about the conflict of cultures of the son of a "Makah mother who marries a white man"
• In 2007, French writer Frédéric Roux published a novel L'hiver indien (éditions Grasset&Fasquelle). All the novel takes place amont the Makah People, in Northwestern Washington. Its plot is about the struggle between traditions and modernity. All the characters are Makahs but two.

See also

• Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site
• Nuu-chah-nulth language
• Nitinat language
• Wakashan languages
• Hoh

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Renker, Ann M., and Gunther, Erna (1990). "Makah". In "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 429
2. ^ Makah Cultural and Research Center online museum: "Index" and "Introduction"
3. ^ Ozette overview from Palomar College
4. ^ Steury, Tim. A Dialogue with the Past: Modern Archaeology in the Pacific Northwest and What We Are. Washington State Magazine.
5. ^ Tate, Cassandra (2009-07-23). "HistoryLink: Japanese Castaways of 1834: The Three Kichis". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9065. 
6. ^ Tate, Cassandra (2009-07-16). "HistoryLink: Makah tribal members join delegation from Japan in commemorating three shipwrecked Japanese sailors on September 29, 1997.". HistoryLink.org. http://www.washington.historylink.org/_content/printer_friendly/pf_output.cfm?file_id=9074. 
7. ^ History Link - Treaty of Neah Bay
8. ^ The Makah Tribe: People of the Sea and the Forest
9. ^ Makah Language and the Makah Indian Tribe (Kweedishchaaht, Kweneecheeaht, Macaw, Classet, Klasset)
10. ^ Our Language
11. ^ Davidson, Matthew (2002). Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, p. 349
12. ^ Humane Killing Paper
13. ^ Makah Whale Hunt | NWR website
14. ^ Mapes, Lynda V.; Ervin, Keith (September 9, 2007). "Gray whale shot, killed in rogue tribal hunt". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003876011_whale09m.html. 
15. ^ Statement by the Makah Tribal Council

References

• Swan, James Gilchrist (1870). The Indians of Cape Flattery : at the entrance to the Strait of Fuca, Washington Territory. Smithsonian Institution. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection

External links

• Official Makah Indian Nation website
• Makah photos and other items from the Library of Congress
• 1937 Corporate Charter of the Makah from a University of Oklahoma website
• Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board - Makah Tribe Profile
• Makah Whaling Misunderstood, from a University of Oregon archaeologist's website
• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Pacific Northwest Olympic Peninsula Community Museum A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities. Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries, reports and other documents.
  • Makah Cultural and Research Center Online Museum Exhibit History and culture of the Makah tribe.
• Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission