- Humpback Whale
Taxobox
name = Humpback whale MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300027]
status = LC
status_system = iucn3.1
status_ref =IUCN2008|assessors=Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N.|year=2008|id=13006|title=Megaptera novaeangliae|downloaded=7 October 2008]
image_width = 250px
image2_width = 250px
image2_caption = Size comparison against an average human
regnum =Animal ia
phylum = Chordata
classis =Mammal ia
subclassis =Eutheria
ordo =Cetacea
subordo =Mysticeti
familia =Balaenopteridae
genus = "Megaptera"
genus_authority = Gray, 1846
species = "M. novaeangliae"
binomial = "Megaptera novaeangliae"
binomial_authority = Borowski, 1781
range_
range_map_width = 250px
range_map_caption = Humpback whale rangeThe humpback whale ("Megaptera novaeangliae") is a Baleen
whale . One of the largerrorqual species, adults range in length from 12–16 metres (40–50 ft) and weigh approximately 36,000 kilograms (79,000 lb). The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. It is an acrobatic animal, often breaching and slapping the water. Males produce a complexwhale song , which lasts for 10 to 20 minutes and is repeated for hours at a time. The purpose of the song is not yet clear, although it appears to have a role in mating.Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to 25,000 kilometres each year. Humpbacks feed only in summer, in polar waters, and migrate to tropical or
sub-tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter. During the winter, humpbacks fast and live off their fat reserves. The species' diet consists mostly ofkrill and smallfish . Humpbacks have a diverse repertoire of feeding methods, including the bubble net feeding technique.Like other large whales, the humpback was and is a target for the
whaling industry. Due to over-hunting, its population fell by an estimated 90% before a whaling moratorium was introduced in 1966. Stocks of the species have since partially recovered; however, entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with ships, and noise pollution also remain concerns. There are at least 80,000 humpback whales worldwide. Once hunted to the brink of extinction, humpbacks are now sought out by whale-watchers, particularly off parts ofAustralia and theUnited States .Taxonomy
clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
1=clade
1=clade
1="B. bonaerensis" (southern Minke whale )
2="B. acutorostra" (northern Minke whale )
2=clade
1=clade
1="B. physalus" (fin whale )
2=clade
1="B. edeni" (pygmy Bryde's whale )
2=clade
1="B. borealis" (Sei whale )
2="B. brydei" (Bryde's whale )
2=clade
1="B. musculus" (blue whale )
2="Megaptera novaeangliae" (humpback whale )
3="Eschrichtius robustus" (Gray whale ) Aphylogenetic tree of animals related to the humpback whaleHumpback whales arerorqual s (familyBalaenopteridae ), a family that includes theblue whale , thefin whale , theBryde's whale , theSei whale and theMinke whale . The rorquals are believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborderMysticeti as long ago as the middleMiocene .cite book | title = McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology | year = 2004 | publisher = The McGraw Hill Companies | chapter = Whale Evolution | author = Gingerich P] However, it is not known when the members of these families diverged from each other.Though clearly related to the giant whales of the
genus "Balaenoptera ", the humpback has been the sole member of its genus since Gray's work in 1846. More recently though, DNA sequencing analysis has indicated both the humpback and theGray whale are close relatives of the Blue Whale, the world's largest animal. If further research confirms these relationships, it will be necessary to reclassify the rorquals.The humpback whale was first identified as "baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre" by
Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his "Regnum Animale " of 1756. In 1781,Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brisson's name to itsLatin equivalent, "Balaena novaeangliae". Early in the 19th century Lacépède shifted the humpback from theBalaenidae family, renaming it "Balaenoptera jubartes". In 1846,John Edward Gray created the genus "Megaptera", classifying the humpback as "Megaptera longpinna", but in 1932,Remington Kellogg reverted the species names to use Borowski's "novaeangliae".cite book|title=The Whales' Journey|author=Martin S|year=2002|pages=251|publisher=Allen & Unwin Pty., Limited|id=ISBN 1865082325] The common name is derived from their humping motion when diving. The generic name "Megaptera" from the Greek "mega-"/μεγα- "giant" and "ptera"/πτερα "wing", [cite book|author=Liddell & Scott|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|id=ISBN 0-19-910207-4] refers to their large front flippers. The specific name means "New Englander" and was probably given by Brisson due the regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast ofNew England .Description and lifecycle
Humpback whales can easily be identified by their stocky bodies with obvious humps and black
dorsal colouring. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, which are actuallyhair follicle s and are characteristic of the species. The tail flukes, which are lifted high in some dive sequences, have wavy trailing edges.Citation | title = Recovery Plan for the Humpback Whale ("Megapten Novaeangliae") | publisher =National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | format = PDF| year = 1991 | url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/whale_humpback.pdf] There are four global populations, all being studied. North Pacific, Atlantic, and southern ocean humpbacks have distinct populations which make an annual migration. One population in the Indian Ocean does not migrate. The Indian Ocean has a northern coastline, while the Atlantic and Pacific oceans do not, thereby preventing the humpbacks from migrating to the pole.The long black and white tail fin, which can be up to a third of body length, and the pectoral fins have unique patterns, which enable individual whales to be recognised. [cite journal|author=Katona S.K. and Whitehead, H.P.|year=1981|title=Identifying humpback whales using their mural markings|journal=Polar Record|issue= 20|pages=439–444] [cite journal|author=Kaufman G., Smultea M.A. and Forestell P.|year=1987|title=Use of lateral body pigmentation patterns for photo ID of east Australian (Area V) humpback whales|journal=Cetus|volume=7|issue=1|pages=5–13] Several suggestions have been made to explain the evolution of the humpback's pectoral fins, which are proportionally the longest fins of any
cetacean . The two most enduring hypotheses are the higher maneuverability afforded by long fins, or that the increased surface area is useful for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates. Humpbacks also have 'rete mirable' a heat exchanging system, which works similarly to the same structured system in certain species of sharks and other fish.Humpbacks have 270 to 400 darkly coloured
baleen plates on each side of the mouth. The plates measure from a mere convert|18|in|mm in the front to approximately convert|3|ft|m long in the back, behind the hinge.Ventral grooves run from the lower jaw to theumbilicus about halfway along the bottom of the whale. These grooves are less numerous (usually 16–20) and consequently more prominent than in otherrorqual s. The stubbydorsal fin is visible soon after the blow when the whale surfaces, but has disappeared by the time the flukes emerge. Humpbacks have a distinctive 3 m (10 ft) heart shaped to bushy blow, or exhalation of water through the blowholes. Early whalers also noted blows from humpback adults to be 10 - convert|20|ft|m high. Whaling records show they understood each specie has its own distinct shape and height of blows.Newborn calves are roughly the length of their mother's head. A convert|50|ft|m|sing=on mother would have a convert|20|ft|m|sing=on newborn weighing in at convert|2|ST|MT|lk=on. They are nursed by their mothers for approximately six months, then are sustained through a mixture of nursing and independent feeding for possibly six months more. Humpback milk is 50% fat and pink in color. Some calves have been observed alone after arrival in
Alaska n waters. Females reach sexual maturity at the age of five with full adult size being achieved a little later. According to new research, males reach sexual maturity at approximately 7 years of age. Fully grown the males average 15–16 m (49–52 ft), the females being slightly larger at 16–17 m (52–56 ft), with a weight of 40,000 kg (or 44 tons); the largest recorded specimen was 19 m (62 ft) long and had pectoral fins measuring 6 m (20 ft) each.cite book|author=Clapham P|chapter=Humpback Whale|pages=589–592|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|id=ISBN 0125513402] The largest humpback on record, according to whaling records, was killed in theCaribbean . She was convert|88|ft|m long, weighing nearly 90 tons.Females have a "hemispherical lobe" about 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter in their genital region. This allows males and females to be distinguished if the underside of the whale can be seen, even though the male's penis usually remains unseen in the genital slit. Male whales have distinctive scars on heads and bodies, some resulting from battles over females.
Females typically breed every two or three years. The gestation period is 11.5 months, yet some individuals can breed in two consecutive years. Humpback whales were thought to live 50–60 years, but new studies using the changes in amino acids behind eye lenses proved another baleen whale, the Bowhead, to be 211 years old. This was an animal taken by the
Inuit off Alaska. More studies on ages are currently being done.Identification
The varying patterns on the humpback's tail flukes are sufficient to identify an individual. Unique visual identification is not possible in most cetacean species (exceptions include
Orca s and Right Whales), so the humpback has become one of the most-studied species. A study using data from 1973 to 1998 on whales in the North Atlantic gave researchers detailed information on gestation times, growth rates, and calving periods, as well as allowing more accurate population predictions by simulating themark-release-recapture technique. A photographic catalogue of all known whales in the North Atlantic was developed over this period and is currently maintained byWheelock College . [cite web|url=http://whale.wheelock.edu/whalenet-stuff/humpcat.html|title=Whalenet Data Search|publisher=Wheelock College|author=Williamson JM|year=2005| accessdate = 2007-04-03] Similar photographic identification projects have subsequently begun in the North Pacific by SPLASH (Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpbacks), and around the world. Another organization (Cascadia Research) headed by well known researcher John Calambokidis, along with Dr. Robin Baird, have joined with others from NOAA, hoping to soon have an online catalog of more than 3500 fluke identification pictures that the public can access, and possibly contribute to.ocial structure and courtship
The humpback social structure is loose-knit. Usually, individuals live alone or in small transient groups that assemble and break up over the course of a few hours. Groups may stay together a little longer in summer in order to forage and feed cooperatively. Longer-term relationships between pairs or small groups, lasting months or even years, have been observed, but are rare. Recent studies extrapolate feeding bonds observed with many females in Alaskan waters over the last 10 years. It is possible some females may have these bonds for a lifetime. More studies need to be done on this. The range of the humpback overlaps considerably with many other whale and dolphin species — while it may be seen near other species (for instance, the Minke Whale), it rarely interacts socially with them. Humpback calves have been observed in Hawaiian waters playing with bottlenose dolphin calves.
Courtship rituals take place during the winter months, when the whales migrate toward the equator from their summer feeding grounds closer to the poles. Competition for a mate is usually fierce, and female whales as well as mother-calf dyads are frequently trailed by unrelated male whales dubbed "escorts" by researcherLouis Herman . Groups of two to twenty males typically gather around a single female and exhibit a variety of behaviours in order to establish dominance in what is known as a "competitive group". The displays may last several hours, the group size may ebb and flow as unsuccessful males retreat and others arrive to try their luck. Techniques used include breaching, spy-hopping, lob-tailing, tail-slapping, flipper-slapping, charging and parrying. "Super pods" have been observed numbering more than 40 males, all vying for the same female. (M. Ferrari et. al)Whale song is assumed to have an important role in mate selection; however, scientists remain unsure whether the song is used between males in order to establish identity and dominance, between a male and a female as a mating call, or a mixture of the two. All these vocal and physical techniques have also been observed while not in the presence of potential mates. This indicates that they are probably important as a more general communication tool. Recent studies showed singing males attract other males. Scientists are extrapolating possibilities the singing may be a way to keep the migrating populations connected. (Ferrari, Nicklin, Darling, et al.) It has also been noted that the singing begins when the competition ends. Studies on this are ongoing. (www.whaletrust.com)Feeding
The species feeds only in summer and lives off fat reserves during winter. Humpback whales will only feed rarely and opportunistically while in their wintering waters. It is an energetic feeder, taking
krill and small schoolingfish , such asherring "(Clupea harengus)",salmon ,capelin "(Mallotus villosus)" andsand lance "(Ammodytes americanus)" as well asMackerel "(Scomber scombrus)",pollock "(Pollachius virens)" andhaddock "(Melanogrammus aeglefinus)" in the North Atlantic. [cite journal|author=Overholtz W.J. and Nicholas J.R.|year=1979|title=Apparent feeding by the fin whale, "Balaenoptera physalus", and humpback whale, "Megaptera novaeangliae", on the American sand lance, "Ammodytes americanus", in theNorthwest Atlantic|journal=Fish. Bull.|issue=77|pages=285–287] [cite journal|author=Whitehead H.|year=1987|title=Updated status of the humpback whale, "Megaptera novaeangliae", in Canada|journal=Canadian Field-Naturalist|volume=101|issue=2|pages=284–294] [cite journal|author=Meyer T.L., Cooper R.A. and Langton R.W.|year=1979|title=Relative abundance, behavior and food habits of the American sand lance "(Ammodytes americanus)" from the Gulf of Maine|journal=Fish. Bull|volume=77|issue=1|pages=243–253] Krill andCopepod s have been recorded from Australian and Antarctic waters. [cite journal|author=Nemoto T.|year=1959|title=Food of baleen whales with reference to whale movements|journal=Science Report Whales Research InstituteTokyo|issue=14|pages=149–290] It hunts fish by direct attack or by stunning them by hitting the water with its pectoral fins or flukes.The humpback has the most diverse repertoire of feeding methods of allbaleen whale s.cite book|publisher=National Marine Fisheries Service|year=1991|title=Recovery Plan for the Humpback Whale "(Megaptera novaeangliae)"|author=Prepared by the Humpback Whale Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland|pages=105] Its most inventive technique is known as "bubble net feeding": a group of whales blows bubbles while swimming in circles to create a ring of bubbles. The ring encircles the fish, which are confined in an ever-tighter area as the whales swim in a smaller and smaller circles. The whales then suddenly swim upward through the bubble net, mouths agape, swallowing thousands of fish in one gulp. This technique can involve a ring of bubbles up to 30 m (100 ft) in diameter and the cooperation of a dozen animals. Some of the whales take the task of blowing the bubbles through their blowholes, some dive deeper to drive fish toward the surface, and others herd fish into the net by vocalizing. [cite news |first=Deb |last=Acklin |title= Crittercam Reveals Secrets of the Marine World|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0624_020624_TVbubble.html |work= |publisher= National Geographic News |date=2005-08-05 |accessdate=2007-11-01 ] Humpbacks have been observed bubblenet feeding alone as well. Humpback whales are preyed upon byOrca s. The result of these attacks is generally nothing more serious than some scarring of the skin, but it is likely that young calves are sometimes killed.cite journal |journal= Mammal New studies (Ferrari, Mizroch, et.al.) show first year calf mortality is 18-20%. Beyond the first year is still being studied.Review |author= Clapham, P.J. |year= 1996 |title= The social and reproductive biology of humpback whales: an ecological perspective |issue= 26 |pages= 27–49 |url= http://www.sitkawhalefest.org/review.pdf |format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-04-26]ong
Both male and female humpback whales can produce sounds, however only the males produce the long, loud, complex "songs" for which the species is famous. Each song consists of several sounds in a low register that vary in
amplitude andfrequency , and typically lasts from 10 to 20 minutes. Songs may be repeated continuously for several hours; humpback whales have been observed to sing continuously for more than 24 hours at a time. Ascetacean s have no vocal cords, whales generate their song by forcing air through their massive nasal cavities.Whales within an area sing the same song, for example all of the humpback whales of the North Atlantic sing the same song, and those of the North Pacific sing a different song. Each population's song changes slowly over a period of years —never returning to the same sequence of notes.
Scientists are still unsure of the purpose of whale song. Only male humpbacks sing, so it was initially assumed that the purpose of the songs was to attract females. However, many of the whales observed to approach singing whales have been other males, with the meeting resulting in a conflict. Thus, one interpretation is that the whale songs serve as a threat to other males. [cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/humpback/song.html|title=Humpback Whales. Song of the Sea.|accessdate=2007-04-22|publisher=Public Broadcasting Station] Some scientists have hypothesized that the song may serve an echolocative function. [cite journal |journal= IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering |title= Humpback Whale Song or Humpback Whale Sonar? A Reply to Au et al. |author= Mercado E III & Frazer LN |volume= 26 |issue=3 |pages=406–415 |month= July | year= 2001 |url= http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~emiii/00946514.pdf |format = PDF |accessdaymonth=3 April |accessyear=
2007 |doi= 10.1109/48.946514] During the feeding season, humpback whales make altogether different vocalizations, which they use to herd fish into their bubble nets. [ cite journal |journal= Aquatic Mammals |title= Stereotypical sound patterns in humpback whale songs: Usage and function |author= Mercado E III, Herman LM & Pack AA |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |year=2003
url= http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~emiii/mercado_et_al_03.pdf |format = PDF |accessdaymonth=3 April|accessyear=2007 |doi= 10.1578/016754203101024068]Population and distribution
The humpback whale is found in all the major
ocean s, in a wide band running from the Antarctic ice edge to 65° Nlatitude , though is not found in the eastern Mediterranean or theBaltic Sea . There are at least 80,000 humpback whales worldwide, with 18,000-20,000 in the North Pacific, about 12,000 in the North Atlantic, and over 50,000 in theSouthern Hemisphere , down from a pre-whaling population of 125,000.The humpback is a migratory species, spending its summers in cooler, high-latitude waters, but mating and calving in tropical and sub-tropical waters.cite web|url=http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/humpback.htm|title=American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet| publisher = American Cetacean Society | accessdate=2007-04-17 ] An exception to this rule is a population in the
Arabian Sea , which remains in these tropical waters year-round. Annual migrations of up to 25,000 kilometres (16,000statute mile s) are typical, making it one of the farthest-travelling of any mammalian species.A 2007 study identified seven individual whales wintering off the Pacific coast of
Costa Rica as those which had made a trip from the Antarctic of around 8,300 km. Identified by their unique tail patterns, these animals have made the longest documented migration by a mammal. [cite journal|author=Rasmussen K, Palacios DM, Calambokidis J, Saborío MT, Dalla Rosa L, Secchi ER, Steiger GH, Allen JM, & Stone GS|year=2007|title=Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Central America: insights from water temperature into the longest mammalian migration|journal=Biology Letters|issue=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0067|id= ISSN 1744-957X|url=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0067 |volume=3|pages=302|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0067]In
Australia , two main migratory populations have been identified, off the west and east coast respectively. These two populations are distinct with only a few females in eachgeneration crossing between the two groups.cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=38|title=Megaptera novaeangliae in Species Profile and Threats Database|publisher=Australian Government: Department of the Environment and Water Resources|year=2007|accessdate=2007-04-17 ]Whaling
One of the first attempts to hunt the humpback whale was made by John Smith in 1614 off the coast of
Maine . Opportunistic killing of the species is likely to have occurred long before, and it continued with increasing pace in the following centuries. By the 18th century, the commercial value of humpback whales had been recognized,Fact|date=August 2007 and they became a common target for whalers for many years.By the 19th century, many nations (the
United States in particular), were hunting the animal heavily in theAtlantic Ocean , and to a lesser extent in the Indian andPacific Ocean s. It was, however, the introduction of theexplosive harpoon in the late 19th century that allowed whalers to accelerate their take. This, along with hunting beginning in theAntarctic Ocean in 1904, led to a sharp decline in most whale populations.It is estimated that during the 20th century at least 200,000 humpbacks were taken, reducing the global population by over 90%, with the population in the North Atlantic estimated to have dropped to as low as 700 individuals.Breiwick JM, Mitchell E, Reeves RR (1983) Simulated population trajectories for northwest Atlantic humpback whales 1865–1980. "Fifth biennial Conference on Biology of Marine Mammals, Boston" Abstract. p14]
To prevent
extinction , theInternational Whaling Commission introduced a ban on commercial humpback whaling in 1966. That ban is still in force. By that time humpback whales were so scarce that commercial hunting was no longer worthwhile.Fact|date=February 2008At this time, 250,000 were recorded killed.Fact|date=February 2008 However, the true toll is likely to be higher. It is now known that the
Soviet Union was deliberately under-recording its kills; the total Soviet humpback kill was reported at 2,820 whereas the true number is now believed to be over 48,000. [cite journal|journal=Whales Alive!|publisher=Cetacean Society International|volume=6|number=4|title=On the Soviet Whaling Falsification, 1947–1972|author=Prof. Alexey V. Yablokov|year=1997|url=http://csiwhalesalive.org/csi97403.html]As of 2004, hunting of humpback whales is restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island
Bequia in the nation ofSt. Vincent and the Grenadines . The take is not believed to threaten the local population.Japan had planned to kill 50 humpback whales in the 2007/08 season under its JARPA II research program in theAntarctic Ocean , starting in November 2007. The announcement sparked global protests.scoop.co.nz: [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0705/S00320.htm Leave Humpback Whales Alone Message To Japan] 16 May 2007] After a visit to Tokyo by the chairman of the IWC, asking the Japanese for their co-operation in sorting out the differences between pro- and anti-whaling nations on the Commission, the Japanese whaling fleet agreed that nohumpback whale s would be caught for the two years it would take for the IWC to reach a formal agreement. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7156288.stm BBC NEWS | World | Asia-Pacific | Japan changes track on whaling ] ]Conservation
Internationally this species is considered vulnerable. Most monitored stocks of humpback whales have rebounded well since the end of the commercial whaling era, [cite news | title = Study: Humpback whale population is rising | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24788056/ | date = 2008-05-23 | accessdate = 2008-05-23] such as the North Atlantic where stocks are now believed to be approaching pre-hunting levels. However, the species is considered endangered in some countries where local populations have recovered slowly, including the United States. [cite web|url=http://www.wc.adfg.state.ak.us/index.cfm?adfg=endangered.humpbackwhale|title=Humpback Whale ("Megaptera novaeangliae")|publisher=Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|year=2006|accessdate =2008-02-10]
Today, individuals are vulnerable to collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing gear, and noise pollution. Like other cetaceans, humpbacks are sensitive to noise and can even be injured by it. In the 19th century, two humpback whales were found dead near sites of repeated oceanic sub-bottom blasting, with traumatic injuries and fractures in the ears. [cite journal|journal=Journal of the Acoustic Society of America|number=94|date=1849–1850|title=Blast injury in humpback whale ears]
Once hunted to the brink of extinction the humpback whale has made a dramatic comeback in the North Pacific Ocean. A study released May 22, 2008 estimates that the humpback whale population that hit a low of 1,500 whales before hunting was banned worldwide, has made a comeback to a population of between 18,000 and 20,000. [ [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080523/ap_on_sc/humpback_comeback;_ylt=AuvSzVjym3ZzzG9thL8HijxvieAA Study: N. Pacific humpback whale population rises - Yahoo! News ] ]
The ingestion of
saxitoxin , aParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) from contaminated mackerel has been implicated in humpback whale deaths. [cite book|author=Dierauf L & Gulland F|year=2001|title=Marine Mammal Medicine|publisher=CRC Press|id=ISBN 0849308399]Some countries are creating action plans to protect the humpback; for example, in the
United Kingdom , the humpback whale has been designated as a priority species under the nationalBiodiversity Action Plan , generating a set of actions to conserve the species. The sanctuary provided byNational Park s such asGlacier Bay National Park and Preserve andCape Hatteras National Seashore , among others, have also become a major factor in sustaining the populations of the species in those areas.cite web|url=http://www.npca.org/marine_and_coastal/marine_wildlife/humpbackwhale.html|title=Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)|publisher=National Parks Conservation Association| accessdate = 2007-04-19]Although much was known about the humpback whale due to information obtained through whaling, the migratory patterns and social interactions of the species were not well known until two separate studies by R. Chittleborough and W. H. Dawbin in the 1960s. [Chittleborough RG. (1965) Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale. "Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research" 16: 33–128.]
Roger Payne andScott McVay made further studies of the species in 1971. [Payne RS, McVay S. (1971) Songs of humpback whales. "Science" 173:585–597.] Their analysis of whale song led to worldwide media interest in the species, and left an impression in the public mind that whales were a highly intelligent cetacean species, a contributing factor to the anti-whaling stance of many countries.In August 2008, the IUCN changed the whale's status from Vulnerable to Least Concern, although two subpopulations remain endangered.cite web | url = http://cms.iucn.org/index.cfm?uNewsID=1413 | title = Humpback whale on road to recovery, reveals IUCN Red List | date =
2008-08-12 | publisher = IUCN | accessdate = 2008-08-12]Whale-watching
Humpback whales are generally curious about objects in their environment. They will often approach and circle boats. This has become an attraction of
whale-watching tourism in many locations around the world since the 1990s.Whale-watching locations include the Atlantic coast off the
Samaná Province of theDominican Republic , the Pacific coast offOregon ,Washington ,Vancouver ,Hawaii andAlaska , theBay of Biscay to the west of France,Sydney ,Byron Bay north ofSydney ,Hervey Bay north ofBrisbane , North and East ofCape Town , the coasts ofNew England ,Nova Scotia and Newfoundland,New Zealand , theTonga n islands, the northernSt. Lawrence River and the Snaefellsnes peninsula in the west ofIceland . The species is popular because it breaches regularly and spectacularly, and displays a range of other social behaviours.As with other cetacean species, however, a mother whale will generally be extremely protective of her infant, and will seek to place herself between any boat and the calf before moving quickly away from the vessel. Whale-watching tour operators are asked to avoid stressing the mother.
Famous humpbacks
Migaloo
A presumably
albino humpback whale that travels up and down the east coast of Australia has become famous in the local media, on account of its extremely rare all-white appearance. The whale, first sighted in 1991 and believed to be 3-5 years old at that time, is called Migaloo (a word for "white fellow" from one of the languages of theIndigenous Australians ). Speculation about the whale's gender was resolved in October 2004 when researchers from Southern Cross University collected sloughed skin samples from Migaloo as he migrated past Lennox Head, and subsequent genetic analysis of the samples proved he is a male. Because of the intense interest, environmentalists feared that the whale was becoming distressed by the number of boats following it each day. In response, the Queensland and New South Wales governments introduce legislation each year to order the maintenance of a 500 m (1,600 ft) exclusion zone around the whale. Recent close up pictures have shown Migaloo to have skin cancer and/or skin cysts as a result of his lack of protection from the sun. [cite web|url=http://www.migaloowhale.org/05/space.html|title=Migaloo, the White Humpback Whale|publisher=Pacific Whale Foundation|year=2004| accessdate = 2007-04-03]In 2006, a white calf was spotted with a normal humpback mother in
Byron Bay, New South Wales . [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7519263.stm (BBC News, Sydney) " New white whale spotted", 22 July 2008] .]Humphrey
One of the most notable humpback whales is
Humphrey the whale , who was rescued twice inCalifornia byThe Marine Mammal Center and other concerned groups. [Tokuda W (1992) "Humphrey the lost whale", Heian Intl Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89346-346-9] [Callenbach E & Leefeldt C "Humphrey the Wayward Whale", ISBN 0-930588-23-1] The first rescue was in 1985, when he swam intoSan Francisco Bay and then up theSacramento River towards Rio Vista. [Jane Kay, "San Francisco Examiner" Monday, 9 October 1995] Five years later, Humphrey returned and became stuck on a mudflat in San Francisco Bay immediately north of Sierra Point below the view of onlookers from the upper floors of theDakin Building . He was pulled off the mudflat with a large cargo net and the help of a Coast Guard boat. Both times he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in a flotilla of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as "oikami." At the same time, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean. [Toni Knapp, "The Six Bridges of Humphrey the Whale". Illustrated by Craig Brown. Roberts Rinehart, 1993 (1989)] Since leaving the San Francisco Bay in 1990 Humphrey has been seen only once, at theFarallon Islands in 1991.Delta and Dawn
A humpback whale mother and calf captivated the San Francisco Bay Area in May 2007. [Lee, Henry & Martin, Glen, "San Francisco Chronicle", "Whales disappear -- rescuers believe they're back at sea", 2007-03-30,http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/30/BAG9EQ3TU818.DTL] This pair appeared to have gotten lost on their Northern migration, swam into the bay and up the Sacramento River as far as the
Port of Sacramento . First spotted on 13 May, the whales inspired intense news coverage and were named Delta and Dawn. Whale fans became worried as the whales, both injured with what were possibly cuts caused by boat propellers, continued their stay in the brackish waters, despite efforts to get them to return to the sea. Unexpectedly, on 20 May they headed back towards the bay, but they tarried near the Rio Vista bridge for 10 days. Finally, onMemorial Day weekend, they leftRio Vista, California ; passing Tuesday night, 29 May, through theGolden Gate Bridge out to the Pacific Ocean.Mister Splashy Pants
Mister Splashy Pants is a humpback in the south Pacific Ocean. It's being tracked with a satellite tag by
Greenpeace as a part of its Great Whale Trail Expedition. [cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/29/2104802.htm |title=Whale name makes a big splash |accessdate=2007-12-10 |author=Timothy Marshall |date=2007-11-29] The whale's name was chosen in an online poll that garnered attention from several websites, includingBoing Boing andReddit . [cite web |url=http://www.hippyshopper.com/2007/11/mister_splashyp.html |title='Mister Splashy Pants' emerges as clear favourite in Greenpeace whale-naming competition |accessdate=2007-12-10 |author=AbiSilvester |date=2007-11-29 ] The name "Mister Splashy Pants" received over 78% of the votes. [cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/splashy-101207 |title=Mister Splashy Pants the whale - you named him, now save him |accessdate=2007-12-10 |date=2007-12-10]Colin
Colin was the name given to a presumably abandoned starving humpback calf that was discovered in August 2008 at
Pittwater , north ofSydney ,Australia . It attempted to suckle from moored boats to obtain food. [cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24208765-5006784,00.html |title=Prognosis 'grim' for abandoned baby whale |publisher=The Australian | date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2008-08-20] [cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/20/2341746.htm |title=No baby whale feeding solution after expert talks |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2008-08-20] Despite attempts to reunite the calf with whale pods by luring it out to sea, it returned to Pittwater. Opinion was divided on how best to handle the situation, with some advocating feeding artificial milk formula to the calf, and others advocatingeuthanasia . [cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7572270.stm| title=BBC NEWS Asia-Pacific Hopes fade for Sydney whale calf| publisher=BBC |date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2008-08-20]Colin was euthanised on 22 August 2008 due to her deteriorating condition. (An examination after death determined that the calf was female.) [cite web| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/whale-watch/whales-time-runs-out/2008/08/22/1219262465518.html| title=Colins time runs out| publisher=
Sydney Morning Herald |date=2008-08-22 |accessdate=2008-08-22]The calf's plight gained media attention as far afield as the United States, [cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2008/08/colin-the-humpb.html|title=Colin the humpback whale put to sleep|last=Thomas|first=Pete|date=2008-08-22|work=
The Los Angeles Times |accessdate=2008-08-23] United Kingdom, [cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australians-mourn-baby-whale-colin-906151.html|title=Australians mourn baby whale 'Colin'|date=2008-08-22|work=The Independent |accessdate=2008-08-23] Italy, [cite news|url=http://www.agi.it/world/news/200808221315-cro-ren0033-art.html|title=Australia: Euthanasia Ends Sad Tale of Orphaned Whale Cub|date=2008-08-22|publisher=AGI|accessdate=2008-08-23] Netherlands, [cite news|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5930255/Conservationists-put-down-baby-whale|title=Conservationists put down baby whale |date=2008-08-22|publisher=Radio Netherlands |accessdate=2008-08-23] Russia, [cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20080822/116208704.html|title=Abandoned baby whale euthanized in Australia |date=2008-08-22|publisher=RIA Novosti |accessdate=2008-08-23] Canada [cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=03f17c4d-449e-4b03-9f46-8faafd416b49|title=Dying whale calf euthanized|date=2008-08-22|work=Times Colonist |accessdate=2008-08-23] and New Zealand. [cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10528510|title=Whale's euthanasia defended |date=2008-08-23|work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=2008-08-23]Media
Footnotes
References
Books
*Clapham, Phil. (1996). "Humpback Whales". ISBN 0-948661-87-9
*Clapham, Phil. "Humpback Whale". pp 589–592 in the "Encyclopeadia of Marine Mammals". ISBN 0-12-551340-2
*Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell. Date? "National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World". ISBN 0-375-41141-0
*Dawbin, W. H. "The seasonal migratory cycle of humpback whales". In K.S. Norris (ed), "Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises". University of California Press.Journal articles
*Best, P. B. (1993) Increase rates in severely depleted stocks of baleen whales. "ICES Journal of Marine Science" 50:169–186.
*Smith, T.D.; J. Allen, P.J. Clapham, P.S. Hammond, S. Katona, F. Larsen, J. Lien, D. Mattila, P.J. Palsboll, J. Sigurjonsson, P.T. Stevick & N. Oien. (1999) An ocean-basin-wide mark-recapture study of the North Atlantic humpback whale. "Marine Mammal Science" 15: 1–32.External links
;General
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Megaptera_novaeangliae/ images and movies of the humpback whale "(Megaptera novaeangliae)"] .
* [http://www.mayumbanationalpark.com/cetaceans.htm Photos and information about humpback whales and other cetaceans in Mayumba National Park]
* [http://www.oceania.org.au/whales/whales.html Humpbacks of Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia]
* [http://www.dolphin-institute.org/resource_guide/gettingtoknowhumpbackwhales.htm The Dolphin Institute Whale Resource Guide] and [http://www.dolphin-institute.org/our_research/whale_research/whaleresearchpublications.htm scientific publications]
* [http://www.ecoresearch.net/index.php?q=gallery&g2_itemId=227 Humpback Whale Gallery (Silverbanks)]
*fr icon [http://www.cetace.info/videos/Baleine_a_bosse/videos_baleine_a_bosse.php Humpback whale videos]
* [http://www.bigtomatopress.com/ Book about the two humpback whales lost in the Sacramento River in May 2007] -
* [http://www.oceania.org.au/iwhales/portal/home.php The Humpback Whales of Hervey Bay];Humpback whale songs
* [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~emiii/mercado_et_al_03.pdf A detailed analysis of the form and function of the humpback whale song] , from the University at Buffalo
* [http://whalesong.net The Whalesong Project]
* [http://www.physorg.com/news11980.html Article from PHYSORG.com on the complex syntax of whalesong phrases];Conservation
* [http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/research/HIHWNMS_Research_Mobley.pdf Estimating the humpback population in the Pacific] , from theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* [http://www.dal.ca/~whitelab/rwb/COSEWIChumpback2003.pdf Estimating the humpback population in the Atlantic] , fromDalhousie University
* [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/m-novaeangliae/index.html Recovery plan in Australia: 2005–2010]
* [http://www.incidentnews.gov/attachments/7639/517872/Sacramento_Humpback_Whales-051807-1355.pdf Humpback Whales in the Sacramento River] by theNOAA
* [http://www.oceania.org.au/expedition/research.html The Oceania Project, Humpback Whale Research, Hervey Bay]
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