Strombus pugilis

Fighting conch
A shell of the fighting conch, Strombus pugilis.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:	Stromboidea
Family:	Strombidae
Genus:	Strombus
Species:	S. pugilis
Binomial name
Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms[1]
Drillia actinocycla Dall & Simpson, 1901 (Described from the protoconch and early whorls of Strombus pugilis) Pyramis striata Röding, 1798 Strombus cornutus G. Perry, 1811 Strombus nicaraguensis Fluck, 1905 Strombus peculiaris M. Smith, 1940 Strombus pugilis peculiaris M. Smith, 1940 Strombus pugilis worki Petuch, 1993 Strombus sloani Leach, 1814 Strombus worki Petuch, 1993

Strombus pugilis, common names the fighting conch, or the West Indian fighting conch, is a species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

S. pugilis is closely similar to Strombus alatus, the Florida fighting conch. It is unsettled whether they are distinct species or merely subspecies.

Shell description

Apertural view of Strombus pugilis out of water in a human hand shows its brown operculum.

The maximum recorded shell length is 110 mm^[2] or up to 130 mm,^[3] commonly to 90 mm.

Like other species in the same genus, Strombus pugilis has a robust, somewhat heavy and solid shell, with a characteristic stromboid notch. It has a well-developed body whorl and a short and pointed spire. It presents 8 to 9 whorls,^[4] each of them having a single row of subsutural spines, becoming larger towards the last whorl.^[3] These spines, however, may be less conspicuous or even absent in some populations.^[5] Its aperture is relatively long and slightly oblique.^[4] The posterior angle of the outer lip is distinct, projecting in the posterior direction in an erect fashion.^[6] The operculum is sickle-shaped, similar to several other Strombus snails.

The shell color varies from salmon-pink,^[4] cream or yellow to light or strong orange, and the interior of the aperture is usually white. The anterior end presents a dark purple stain,^[3] which is one of the diagnostic characters of this species, and is absent in Strombus alatus.

This species is closely similar to Strombus alatus, which has a more northerly range. Strombus alatus shells have less prominent subsutural spines and a slightly more projected outer lip. Some scientists have treated the two as distinct species; others as subspecies.^[7] In an extensive study of the Stromboidea in 2005, Simone provisionally treated these as distinct species, but observed that “no spectacular morphological difference was found [and] all related differences, even those of the genital system, can be regarded as extreme of variation of a single, wide distributed, variable species.”^[8]

Distribution

Strombus pugilis lives in Bermuda, southeastern Florida, the Caribbean Sea, and south to Brazil.^[3]

Phylogeny

A cladogram based on sequences of nuclear histone H3 gene and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene showing phylogenetic relationships of (32 analyzed) species in the genus Strombus and Lambis, including Strombus pugilis, was proposed by Latiolais et al (2006).^[9] In this hypothesis, Strombus pugilis and Strombus alatus apparently share a common ancestor, and are possibly close related.^[9]

Strombus gallus Strombus gigas Strombus costatus Strombus raninus Strombus peruvianus Strombus galeus Strombus latus Strombus pugilis Strombus alatus Strombus gracilior Strombus granulatus

Phylogeny and relationships of Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Strombus species, according to Latiolais et al. (2006)[9]

Ecology

Habitat

This sea snail lives on sandy and muddy bottoms,^[3][5] from the intertidal zone^[5] to depths between 2 and 10 m.^[6]

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.^[2] Maximum recorded depth is 55 m.^[2]

Life cycle

During a long period in the initial stages of its development, the Strombus pugilis larvae feed mainly on plankton.^[3] Studies indicate that some populations of Strombus pugilis may reproduce throughout the year.^[10]

Feeding habits

Strombus pugilis is known to be an herbivore, feeding on plants and algae.^[11]

Human uses

The flesh of Strombus pugilis is edible.^[4] It is usually cooked by boiling, and is consumed by local fishermen.

Strombus pugilis is used as a zootherapeutical product for the treatment of sexual impotence in the traditional Brazilian medicine of the Northeast region of Brazil.^[12]

The shell is commonly used as a decorative item, and is sold in local markets as a souvenir.

References

1. ^ Rosenberg, G. (2009). "Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca". Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758. http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=2211. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Leal, J.H. (2002). Gastropods. p. 99-147. In: Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Rios, E. C. (1994). Seashells of Brazil (2nd ed.). Rio Grande: FURG. ISBN 8585042362. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} Simone, L. R. L. (2005). "Comparative morphological study of representatives of the three families of Stromboidea and the Xenophoroidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda), with an assessment of their phylogeny". Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo) 37 (2): 141–267. ISSN 0066-7870. http://www.revistasusp.sibi.usp.br/pdf/azmz/v37n2/a01v37n2.pdf. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Cervigón, F. et al. (1993): FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water resources of the northern coast of South America. Rome, FAO. 513 p.
7. ^ Simone (2005): Comparative Morphological study of representatives of the three families of Stromboidea and the Xenophoroidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda), with an assessment of their phylogeny, p. 142.
8. ^ Simone (2005): Comparative Morphological study of representatives of the three families of Stromboidea and the Xenophoroidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda), with an assessment of their phylogeny, p. 169.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Latiolais J. M., Taylor M. S., Roy K. & Hellberg M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027. PDF.
10. ^ Cardenas, E.B., D. Aldana Aranda, and G. Martínez Olivares. (2005). Gonad development and reproductive pattern of the fighting conch Strombus pugilis (Lineé, 1758) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) from Campeche, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 24(4):1127-1133.
11. ^ Robertson, R. (1961). The feeding of Strombus and related herbivorous marine gastropods. Natul. Nat. 343: 1-9
12. ^ Alves R. R. N. 2009. Fauna used in popular medicine in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:1. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-5-1. The species is incorrectly spelled in the reference as Strombus puginis.

• Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.