Broad stingray

Broad stingray
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Family:	Dasyatidae
Genus:	Dasyatis
Species:	D. lata
Binomial name
Dasyatis lata (Garman, 1880)
Synonyms
Dasyatis sciera Jenkins, 1903 Trygon lata Garman, 1880

The broad stingray, brown stingray, or Hawaiian stingray (Dasyatis lata, often misspelled latus)^[2] is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. The predominant stingray species in nearshore waters of the Hawaiian Islands, it typically inhabits sandy or muddy flats at depths greater than 15 m (49 ft). Typically growing to 1 m (3 ft) across, the broad stingray has a wide, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a protruding snout tip and a long tail with a ventral fin fold. At night, this species actively forages for bottom-dwelling invertebrates and bony fishes, often near the boundaries of reefs. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous. As there does not appear to be any substantial threats to its population, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed this species under Least Concern.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

American zoologist Samuel Garman described the broad stingray in a 1880 issue of the scientific journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, giving it the name Trygon lata from the Latin word for "broad".^[3][4] Subsequent authors synonymized Trygon with Dasyatis.^[2] The type specimen was collected from what were then called the "Sandwich Islands", and measures 52 cm (20 in) across.^[3]

Lisa Rosenberger's 2001 phylogenetic analysis of 14 Dasyatis species, based on morphological characters, found that the sister species of the broad stingray is the roughtail stingray (D. centroura), and that they form a clade with the southern stingray (D. americana) and the longtail stingray (D. longa). As D. centroura is found in the Atlantic, this suggests that it and D. lata evolutionarily diverged before or with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama (c. 3 Ma).^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The broad stingray has only been confirmed to occur around the Hawaiian Islands, where it is the most abundant stingray.^[4] A record of this species from off Taiwan has yet to be verified.^[1] Broad stingrays are common in coastal bays with mud or silt bottoms, including Ma'alaea Bay off the island of Maui and Kaneohe Bay off the island of Oahu, but may also be encountered in sandy areas or near coral reefs. It has been reported from depths of 2.5–357 m (8–1,171 ft), though most are found deeper than 15 m (49 ft).^[4][6]

Description

The tail of the broad stingray is very long, with a fin fold underneath.

The broad stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc a fourth wider than long, with nearly straight leading margins that converge at an obtuse angle, and curved trailing margins. The tip of the snout is rounded and protrudes past the disc. The mouth is arched and contains 5–6 papillae on the floor, two of which are in front of the others. The pelvic fins are short and rounded. The whip-like tail is twice the length of the disc or more, and bears a serrated stinging spine on the upper surface near the tail base. There is a long, narrow fin fold beneath the tail, which eventually becomes a keel that runs all the way to the tail tip.^[3][4]

Larger rays have three large, elongated tubercles in the middle of the back; the tail is roughened by small dermal denticles, along with an irregular row of conical tubercles on each side and several large, flattened tubercles in front of the spine. This species is plain olive to brown above and white below.^[3] Though rarely found so far west, the similar-looking diamond stingray (D. dipterura) is the only other nearshore stingray that occurs off Hawaii; it can be distinguished from this species by its tail, which is shorter and has both upper and lower fin folds. The broad stingray can reach 1.5 m (5 ft) across and 56 kg (120 lb) in weight, though few exceed 1 m (3 ft) across.^[4][7]

Biology and ecology

The underside of a broad stingray.

During the day, the broad stingray is relatively inactive and spends much time lying half-buried on the bottom. A tracking study in Kaneohe Bay found that individuals rays roamed over an average area of 0.83 km² (0.32 sq mi) at night, compared to an average diurnal activity space of 0.12 km² (0.046 sq mi), and did not rest consistently in any particular spot. Rays were most active two hours after sunset and before sunrise, and were more active in the higher water temperatures of summer than winter. The behavior of this species was not significantly influenced by tides, likely because they inhabit deeper water.^[8]

The broad stingray feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling crustaceans, while also taking polychaete worms and small bony fishes.^[7] It excavates large pits to uncover buried prey, and is often followed by opportunists such as jacks.^[4] Foraging rays favor areas close to reef boundaries, where many parrotfish, wrasses, gobies, and other reef fishes shelter at night.^[8] Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium chengi, Rhinebothrium hawaiiensis,^[9] Pterobothrium hawaiiensis, Prochristianella micracantha, and Parachristianella monomegacantha.^[10] Like other stingrays, the broad stingray is aplacental viviparous.^[6] Kaneohe Bay appears to be a nursery area for this species, where it and juvenile scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini) are the dominant predators.^[8]

Human interactions

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the broad stingray as of Least Concern, as it faces no obvious threats from human activity and its range overlaps with several Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).^[1] This species has become a popular subject for display at public aquariums and resorts.^[4]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Ebert, D.A., D.A. Vidthayanon and B. Samiengo (2007). Dasyatis lata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on December 5, 2009.
2. ^ ^{a b} Catalog of Fishes (Online Version). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Garman, S. (October 1880). "New species of selachians in the museum collection". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 6 (11): 167–172. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Hoover, J.P. Fish of the Month: Stingray Dasyatis lata. hawaiisfishes.com. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
5. ^ Rosenberger, L.J.; Schaefer, S. A. (August 6, 2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Stingray Genus Dasyatis (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)". Copeia 2001 (3): 615–627. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Dasyatis lata" in FishBase. December 2009 version.
7. ^ ^{a b} Dale, J. (2008). Life-History and Ecology of the Brown Stingray. HIMB Shark Lab. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Cartamil, D.P, J.J. Vaudo, C.G. Lowe, B.M. Wetherbee and K.N. Holland (MAY 2003). "Diel movement patterns of the Hawaiian stingray, Dasyatis lata: implications for ecological interactions between sympatric elasmobranch species". Marine Biology 142 (5): 841–847. 
9. ^ Cornford, E.M. (December 1974). "Two Tetraphyllidean Cestodes from Hawaiian Stingrays". The Journal of Parasitology 60 (6): 942–948. doi:10.2307/3278520. JSTOR 3278520. PMID 4436766. 
10. ^ Carvajal, J., R.A. Campbell and E.M. Cornford (February 1976). "Some Trypanorhynch Cestodes from Hawaiian Fishes, with Descriptions of Four New Species". The Journal of Parasitology 62 (1): 70–77. doi:10.2307/3279044. JSTOR 3279044. PMID 1255387.