Sergeant major

For other uses, see Sergeant major (disambiguation).

Common anglophone military ranks
Navies	Armies	Air forces
Officers
Admiral of the fleet	Marshal / field marshal	Marshal of the Air Force
Admiral	General	Air marshal
Commodore	Brigadier	Air commodore
Captain	Colonel	Group captain
Commander	Lieutenant colonel	Wing commander
Lieutenant commander	Major / commandant	Squadron leader
Lieutenant	Captain	Flight lieutenant
Sub-lieutenant	Lieutenant	Flying officer
Ensign	2nd lieutenant	Pilot officer
Midshipman	Officer cadet	Officer cadet
Seamen, soldiers and airmen
Warrant officer	Sergeant major	Warrant officer
Petty officer	Sergeant	Sergeant
Leading seaman	Corporal	Corporal
Seaman	Private	Aircraftman

Sergeants major is a senior non-commissioned rank or appointment in many militaries around the world. In Commonwealth countries, Sergeants Major are usually appointments held by senior non-commissioned officers or warrant officers. In the United States, there are various degrees of sergeant major (Command Sergeant Major (CSM), Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA), Sergeant Major of Marine Corps), but they are all of the same pay grade.

Commonwealth Forces

In most Commonwealth forces, Sergeant Major is a rank, but rather an appointment held by a warrant officer. A Sergeant Major will normally be the senior non-commissioned member of an Army or Marine unit. There are normally two grades of Sergeant Major, with the first grade being the senior soldier of a company, battery or squadron and the second, higher grade being the senior soldier of a battalion or regiment. The title normally consists of the unit title (e.g. 'Company') followed by 'Sergeant Major', and abbreviated by the initials (e.g. CSM). A Sergeant Major of a regiment is known as a Regimental Sergeant Major, rather than a Regiment Sergeant Major.

The sergeant-major of a unit is normally directly responsible to the Commanding Officer (CO) for all matters pertaining to dress, deportment, discipline, conduct, performance, standards and morale of the non-commissioned members (NCMs) of that unit. Sergeants Major are normally addressed as sir or ma'am by subordinates, and by Mr or Ms (surname) by superiors, with the term 'RSM'/'CSM'/etc reserved for the Sergeant Major's Commanding Officer.

Canada

Canadian Forces

The Regimental Sergeant-Major (RSM) is the senior appointment in a battalion-sized unit, including infantry battalions and artillery, armoured, engineer, and signal regiments; this appointment is normally held by a Chief Warrant Officer (CWO). The same position can also be held by a Master Warrant Officer in anticipation of promotion, or a shortage of available CWOs, etc.

In company-sized units, the Company Sergeant-Major (CSM) generally holds the rank of Master Warrant Officer (MWO), although in some cases it may be held by a Warrant Officer (WO) if the company is smaller, or in a shortage of available MWOs. In artillery batteries, this appointment is known as Battery Sergeant-Major (BSM), while in units with a cavalry heritage (armoured, combat engineer, and signals squadrons), the term is Squadron Sergeant-Major (SSM).

In company-sized sub-units of battalions or regiments, the CSM (or equivalent) normally answers both to his or her Officer Commanding (OC) for matters pertaining to the Company in particular, and to the RSM on matters of concern to the RSM. Thus, in a Signal Regiment, the SSM of 1 Squadron (1 Sqn) would be report to the OC of 1 Sqn for all activities within that Sqn; he or she would also be responsible for drill, dress, etc. matters to the RSM, who is responsible for such matters regiment-wide.

CSMs and their equivalents are normally addressed as "Sergeant-Major" or by rank; by subordinates they are thereafter as "Sir", "Ma'am", or "Warrant" (WOs) as appropriate. "CSM" ("BSM", "SSM") is a title normally reserved for use by the CO.

RSMs are never addressed as "Sergeant-Major"; they are addressed by rank or as "Mr (Surname)" or "Ms (Surname)", and thereafter by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am". "RSM" is reserved for use by the CO.

In some unusual cases, a Chief Petty Officer 1st or 2nd Class may succeed to a Sergeant-Major position, especially in units which are not part of Land Force Command or units with a large number of "purple trades", such as service battalions. The forms of address generally remain the same, except that Chief Petty Officers 1st and 2nd Class are never addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am", but as "Chief".

The opera Leo, the Royal Cadet (1889) by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron includes a character "Battalion Sergeant Major at the Royal Military College of Canada" and song The Royal Cadet - The Battalion Sergeant Major. The senior cadet of the Royal Military College of Canada was a Battalion Sergeant Major from 1878-1923 and from 1934-42. Since 1952, however, the senior cadet is known as a Cadet Wing-Commander (CWC).^[1]

Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Sergeant Major is a rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. While technically it is the 6th level of rank, below Corps Sergeant Major and above Staff Sergeant Major, it, along with the other two, are specialized ranks and not part of the normal progression, which would proceed from Staff Sergeant to Inspector.

Singapore

A Sergeant Major appointment exists in each military unit from company to division/formation. Their main job is to assist the commander in the discipline and welfare of the enlisted men. Being expert at parades and ceremonies, their authority and responsibility extends to officers on the parade square. In the Singapore Armed Forces , two kinds of Sergeant Major exists, a Regimental Sergeant Major and a Company Sergeant Major. An RSM maybe placed in charge of a battalion, brigade, division or service level. Example, if he was an RSM of a brigade he would be known as a Brigade Sergeant Major, a division, Divisional Sergeant Major. An RSM could also be appointed as RSM for a vocation, i.e. Infantry vocation/formation Sergeant Major. This appointed usually be held by a Senior Warrant Officer or a Master Warrant Officer, although at times a 1st Warrant Officer may be appointed. A Company Sergeant Major may be a 1WO, 2WO and 3WO. Sometimes, a Master Sergeant or a Staff Sergeant may be appointed. This practice is also mirrored in the National Cadet Corps with the Master Sergeant or Staff Sergeant being appointed as Unit Sergeant Major. Also, some schools with more than one unit, i.e. having a Land as well as a Sea unit might appointed an RSM from either unit.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the rank of Sergeant Major exists in the Sri Lanka Army and Sri Lanka Police Service. In the Army a Warrant Officer 2nd Class (WO2) is known as a Sergeant Major while a a Warrant Officer 1st Class (WO1) is a Regimental Sergeant Major. In the police the most senior Non-Gazetted Officer rank is Police Sergeant Major (PSM).

South Africa

South Africa: Warrant Officer Class 1 rank badge worn prior to 2002

South Africa: Warrant Officer Class 2 rank badge worn 1950 to 2002

As described above, Sergeant-Major is not a rank but an appointment held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 (WO1) or Warrant Officer Class 2 (WO2). Regardless of the appointment, the Warrant Officer is addressed as “sergeant-major”.

Up until 1 June 2008, the highest appointment (Level 1), that was held by a WO1 was the Sergeant-Major of the South African National Defence Force.

Other senior Warrant Officer appointments up until 1 June 2008 were

• Level 2: Sergeant-Major of the Army
• Level 3: Formation Sergeant-Major
• Level 4: Group or Base Sergeant-Major or Regimental-Sergeant Major^[2]

The South African Air Force had a similar structure for its Warrant Officers who are also addressed as "sergeant-major".^[3]

Starting 1 June 2008, the Warrant Ranks (Army/ Navy/ Air Force) are:

• Master Chief Warrant Officer (formerly level 1)—e.g. Master Chief Warrant Officer of the South African National Defence Force.
• Senior Chief Warrant Officer (formerly level 2)—e.g. Senior Chief Warrant Officer of the South African Army.
• Chief Warrant Officer (formerly level 3)
• Master Warrant Officer (formerly level 4A)
• Senior Warrant Officer (formerly level 4)
• Warrant Officer Class One
• Warrant Officer Class Two

A Company/Squadron/Battery Sergeant Major should ordinarily be a WO2.

United Kingdom

In the British Army and Royal Marines, Company/Battery/Squadron Sergeant Major is an appointment for a WO2 and Regimental Sergeant Major is a WO1 appointment.

Due to differences in nomenclature between Regiments and Corps Sergeants Major's titles do vary; Squadron Sergeant Major (SSM) and Battery Sergeant Major (BSM) for instance would be found in the Cavalry and Royal Artillery respectively, and in the REME there are the appointments of Artificer Sergeant Major (ASM). Sergeant Major Instructor (SMI) is an appointment held by Warrant Officers Class 1 in the Small Arms School Corps and the Army Physical Training Corps and by some WO1s in the Royal Engineers. It is also an appointment held by some of the civilian adult instructors in the Army Cadet Force.

A Mechanist Sergeant-Major is a specialist most often found in the Corps of Royal Engineers or the Royal Army Service Corps, and was the title of one of the major characters in the book and the film based on it, Ice Cold in Alex.

For the use of "Sergeant Major" as a form of address, see the articles on Regimental and Company Sergeants Major, and that on Staff Sergeants.

The posts of Regimental and Squadron Corporal Major are the Household Cavalry's equivalent of Sergeants Major, as the Household Cavalry traditionally does not have ranks named Sergeant. The Rifles use the spelling Serjeant Major.

Israel Defense Forces

Rav samal mitkadem
insignia IDF

The רב-סמל מתקדם Rav samal mitkadem, Sergeant major is a non-commissioned officers (נגדים) rank in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Because the IDF is an integrated force, they have a unique rank structure. IDF ranks are the same in all services (army, navy, air force, etc.). The ranks are derived from those of the paramilitary Haganah developed in the British Mandate of Palestine period to protect the Yishuv. This origin is reflected in the slightly-compacted IDF rank structure.^[4]

Israel Defense Forces ranks^[5] : Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO)

IDF NCO Rank	רב-סמל Rav samal	רב-סמל ראשון Rav samal rishon	רב-סמל מתקדם Rav samal mitkadem	רב-סמל בכיר Rav samal bakhír	רב-נגד Rav nagad
Abbreviation	רס"ל Rasal	רס"ר Rasar	רס"מ Rasam	רס"ב Rasab	רנ"ג Ranag
Corresponding Rank	Sergeant First Class	Master Sergeant	Sergeant Major	Warrant Officer	Chief Warrant Officer
Insignia
More details at Israel Defense Forces ranks & IDF 2011 - Ranks (idf.il, english)

United States

Sergeant Major insignia
(U.S. Army)

Command Sergeant Major
rank insignia
(U.S. Army)

Command Sergeant Major
collar insignia
(U.S. Army)

Sergeant Major insignia
(U.S. Marine Corps)

Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
insignia

United States Army

In the U.S. Army, Sergeant Major refers to both a military rank and a specific administrative position. The rank refers to the highest enlisted rank, just above First Sergeant and Master Sergeant, with a pay grade of E-9, NATO rank OR-9 . The leadership position, Command Sergeant Major, is the senior enlisted advisor to the commanding officer and carries with it certain ceremonial functions such as caring for the unit's colors (flag). Additionally, they serve as monitors of, and advocates for, the enlisted men in the command. This position mostly exists in units of battalion size and larger.

Because the Command Sergeant Major represents all of the enlisted soldiers in the command, he or she does not wear the collar insignia of his or her career specialty (e.g., infantry, quartermaster, intelligence, inter alia), but instead wears the Command Sergeant Major (formerly "branch immaterial") collar insignia. The insignia is a gold-color rendering of the coat of arms of the United States; like the branch of service insignia of all U.S. Army enlisted soldiers, it is placed upon a gold-colored metal disk, one inch in diameter.

A SGM or CSM is referred to, and addressed, as "Sergeant Major". The Sergeant Major of the Army is a separate and unique position.

United States Marine Corps

In the United States Marine Corps, Sergeant Major is the ninth and highest enlisted rank, just above First Sergeant, and equal in grade to Master Gunnery Sergeant, although the two have different responsibilities. Sergeant Major is both a rank and a military billet. Marine Corps Sergeants Major serve as the senior enlisted Marine in the Corps' units of battalion, squadron or higher echelon, as the unit commander's senior enlisted advisor and to handle matters of discipline and morale among the enlisted Marines. Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a separate and unique position with a protocol equal to a 3 Star general.

History

In the 16th century, the sergeant major or Sargento Mayor was a general officer. He commanded an army's infantry, and ranked about third in the army's command structure; he also acted as a sort of chief of staff to the army's commander.

In the 17th century, sergeants major appeared in individual regiments. These were field officers, third in command of their regiments (after their colonels and lieutenant colonels), with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeants major (although obviously on a smaller scale). The older position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it. Over time, the sergeant was dropped from both titles, giving rise to the modern ranks of major and major general.

The full title of sergeant major fell out of use until the latter part of the 18th century, when it began to be applied to the senior non-commissioned officer of an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment.

It is about this time that the U.S. and British histories of the title diverge, with the American Revolutionary War.

United States

Confederate Sergeant Major stripes shown in infantry blue pattern

The first official U.S. use of the term was in 1776, when a sergeant major was appointed to the headquarters of each infantry battalion of the Continental Army. The rank was in use by both the Union Army and the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. At that time, it was the highest enlisted rank, being just above Quartermaster Sergeant. The same rank insignia was used by both armies. Both armies varied the color of the stripes by assigning red for artillery, yellow for cavalry, and blue for infantry. Some Confederate militia units varied these colors even farther and had other colors including black stripes for various units. In 1920 with the standardization of the army's enlisted pay grades, it ceased to be a title of rank or grade. However, it survived as the job title of the senior NCO of a battalion and was re-introduced as a rank in 1958 when Congress authorized the E-8 and E-9 pay grades. The appointment of Sergeant Major of the Army was created on July 4, 1966. Command Sergeant Major got separate insignia in 1968.

The U.S. Marine Corps' first sergeant major was Archibald Sommers, appointed on January 1, 1801. This was originally a solitary post, similar to the modern Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, but by 1899 there were five Sergeants Major. The title was abolished in 1946, but re-introduced as a rank in 1954. The post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps was established in 1957, as the senior enlisted advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps.^[6]

United Kingdom

The British use of the term was formalised in 1797, when the sergeant major was added to the battalion or regimental staff. When chevrons were introduced as badges of rank, he wore four, later under a crown.

In 1813, cavalry regiments introduced the Troop Sergeant Major to replace the Quartermaster as the senior NCO of a troop; this required the existing position to be explicitly redesignated the Regimental Sergeant Major. Later, the rise of the squadron as the principal sub-regimental unit saw the corresponding introduction of the Squadron Sergeant Major (SSM). The infantry, however, hung on to the undifferentiated, one-per-battalion sergeant major until the eve of the First World War, when the introduction of the Company Sergeant Major forced them to adopt the RSM title as well. (As an infantry regiment could be, and usually was, made up of a number of battalions, one would logically expect the new title to be Battalion Sergeant Major rather than Regimental Sergeant Major. Perhaps the infantry felt this would imply a lower status than their cavalry equivalents.)

In 1881, the cavalry RSM and infantry Sergeant Major were among a number of senior non-commissioned positions that were confirmed with warrants, making them warrant officers. This was extended and rationalised in 1915, with the introduction of the new ranks of Warrant Officer Class I (WOI) and Warrant Officer Class II (WOII). RSM became an appointment of the former, CSM and SSM of the latter.

The Royal Marines continued to use a single rank of Sergeant Major, equating to Warrant Officer Class I, until after the Second World War, when they adopted the Army system.

See also

• Comparative military ranks

References

• History of the Sergeant Major (US) by CSM (Ret.) Daniel K. Elder
• Sergeants Major of the Army. ISBN 0160678668, CMH Pub. 70-63-1. By CSM Daniel K. Elder, et al. Describes the origin and growth of the Office of the Sergeant Major of the Army. Includes biographies of each of the Sergeants Major of the Army.

1. ^ Richard Preston "Canada's R.M.C. A History of the Royal Military College"
2. ^ Rank Insignia of the South African Army
3. ^ South African Air Force Rank Insignia
4. ^ "Israel Defense Forces ranks". wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces_ranks. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
5. ^ "IDF Ranks". IDF 2011. http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/insignia/ranks.htm. Retrieved 19 October 2011. 
6. ^ "Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps". Marine Corps Legacy Museum. http://www.mclm.com/gallery/sgtmaj.html. Retrieved 2006-11-12. 

External links

• Official Site of the Chief Warrant Officer of the Army (Canada)
• Official Site of the Sergeant Major of the Army (U.S.)
• Official Site of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (U.S.)
• Former Sergeants Major of the Army discuss the position
• U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images