Karankawa people

Karankawa
Auia

Karankawa territory
Total population
Extinct as a tribe, unknown number of living descendants
Regions with significant populations
United States ( Texas)
Languages
Karankawa language
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
possibly Coahuiltecan and Tonkawa

Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia) were a group of Native American peoples, now extinct as a tribal group, who played a pivotal part in early Texas history.

The term Karankawa has been popularly applied to a group of Native American tribes who had a common dialect and culture. These people can be more specifically identified as the Capoques^[1] (Cocos), Kohanis, Kopanes, Kronks, and Karankawa (Carancaquacas) bands. They inhabited the Gulf Coast of Texas from Galveston Bay in the present-day Greater Houston area, then south toward Corpus Christi Bay.

Exposure to new infectious diseases, loss of control over territory, conflict with the newly arrived Europeans, and war brought them to extinction before 1860.

Language

The Karankawa language, of which only about a hundred words are preserved, cannot be classified, as so little is known of languages in this region. The meaning of the name Karankawa is not certain. It is believed to mean "dog-lovers" or "dog-raisers." That rendering seems credible, since the Karankawas had dogs, which were a fox or coyote-like species. In a nomadic-type culture, the people seasonally migrated between the mainland and the barrier islands.

Environment

Karankawa Indian campsite and burial ground historical marker located in Jamaica Beach on the west end of Galveston Island.

The indigenous peoples who lived along the Texas Coast from Galveston Island to a location southward past Corpus Christi, Texas endured much hardship from the elements, but they also adapted well to the rich fishing and hunting. The bays, back bays, lagoons and bayous along the Texas Coast, were the tribal hunting and harvesting grounds. Men waded from the shallow waters in the bays to the deep pools with lances or bows and arrows, to spear fish. Older men, women and children harvested waters for blue and stone crabs, oysters, mussels, sea turtles, shellfish, and other edible crustaceans. They also ate deer and turtles.

They wintered around the coastal bays, eating oysters, clams, shellfish, black drum, redfish, spotted seatrout and the other abundant species of fish. During the summer months and hot weather, the oysters, clams and other shellfish are not safe to eat and the fish make an annual migration out of the pass. During this period, tribal bands would migrate inland. Trying to escape the damage of summer tropical storms and hurricanes was another reason for their migration. Historic accounts tell of Karankawas encountered as far inland as Colorado County at Eagle Lake, close to 100 miles (160 km) from the coastline. No evidence shows they made permanent camps there.

They traversed the bays in dugouts. They built round huts covered in thatch. Some of the campsites have evidence of populations of several hundred. The Karankawa discarded clam and oyster shells, heaping them in huge mounds around the campsites. Their most prized hunting tools were the long bow, some well over six feet long, and arrows, with shafts as long as three feet to make it easier to spot and retrieve them from the shallow waters. Archeological excavation of campsites found evidence of discarded remains of deer and American Bison, apparently the major inland game for the tribe. The Karankawa also harvested a variety of local roots, berries and nuts. They used the leaves of Ilex vomitoria, the Yaupon Holly, to prepare as a ceremonial drink. The men drank it in quantity for psychoactive effects from its caffeine.^[2]

Appearance

The heavily tattooed, pierced, and painted nomadic Karankawa tribe for the most part held the islands in south Texas. Their territory was perhaps from the west end of Galveston Island down the coast to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and inland about 25–65 miles depending on the region. Superb hunters, fisherman, warriors and longbow archery experts, they were a powerful enemy to anyone wishing to take the prime hunting grounds away.

They made a strong impression on the Europeans who wrote of encounters. The men were strikingly tall, described as between six and seven feet (180–213 cm). They were tattooed and wore shell ornaments. Many greased their bodies with shark liver oil to ward off mosquitoes and other biting insects. The men pierced each nipple, as well as the bottom lip of the mouth, with small pieces of cane.

Men wore their coarse hair long–down to their waist. The Karankawa practiced head flattening.^[3]

Cannibalism

In common with other coastal tribes of Texas and Louisiana, the Karankawa practiced ritual cannibalism of blood enemies.^[3] In 1768, a Spanish priest wrote an account of the Karankawa ritual ceremonies. He portrayed the Karankawa as believing that eating the captive's flesh would transfer the captive's power and strength to those who consumed him. The natives tied a captive to a stake. While dancing around him, they would dart in, slice off a piece of flesh and roast it in front of the victim in a prepared campfire. Then they would devour it.

Some recent authors have suggested that the Karankawa were mistaken for the Atakapa (Atakapan or Attakapan) people, Gulf Coast tribes whose lands stretched from Galveston Bay to Bayou Teche and Vermilion Bay in Louisiana. The people of these tribes were known for their body tattoos and their cannibalism of enemies.

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish conquistador, refuted the common held notion that the Karankawa people were cannibals in his diaries after living with them. Cabeza De Vaca also acknowledged the fact that he and his fellow Spanish conquistadors committed acts of cannibalism on their own dead to stay alive after shipwrecking off Galveston Bay. The Karankawa people found this act to be foreign and surprised that Cabeza de Vaca and his men would do such an act.^{[citation needed]}

Gender roles

One unusual aspect of the Karankawa culture was their distinction in having three gender roles: male, female, and a third role taken on by some males. Males who took on this third role are called berdache (Karankawa: monanguia^[4]), and generally took on female roles and activities in daily life, while playing a special role in religious rites. According to some accounts, the berdache were passive sexual partners for the other males.^[5]

Housing and location

The Karankawa used willow saplings and animal skins to make huts, sometimes known as wikiups. They often built by the ocean. They lived along the Texas coast of the Gulf of Mexico, near the modern-day Mexican border. The Tonkawa, Atakapa,^[6] and Coahuiltecan peoples were their neighbors. They stayed by the coast in the winter and moved further inland in summer, when fish moved into deep water and clams were not safe to eat.

History

Encounters with the Spanish

The Karankawa peoples were living a nomadic existence in 1519 when they first encountered Spaniards, led by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, who were surveying the coast. Governor Francisco de Garay of Jamaica had commissioned de Piñeda to explore the Gulf Coast from Florida to Veracruz. In 1528, one of the two barges belonging to the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition struck aground at Galveston Island, and the survivors, including Cabeza de Vaca, were cared for by the Capoques band of Karankawas.^[1]

By 1793, some of the Karankawa were converted to Christianity and lived at the mission Nostra Señora del Refugio, built in 1791 at the mouth of the Mission River. The traditional Karankawa lived with the Lipan Apache.^[3]

Encounters with Jean Lafitte

After being run out of New Orleans around 1817, the pirate Jean Lafitte relocated to the island of Galveston, where he established another "kingdom" named Campeche. In Galveston, Lafitte either purchased or set his claim to a lavishly furnished mansion used by French pirate Louis-Michel Aury, which he named Maison Rouge. The building's upper level was converted into a fortress where he placed a cannon to command Galveston harbor.

In 1819, 300 Karankawa warriors tried to retrieve one of their women from Lafitte's men at the Maison Rouge compound. Lafitte had 200 pirates as defenders and also used two cannon against the natives, causing numerous casualties and deaths. The Karankawa had to retreat.^[3]

Republic of Texas

Stephen F. Austin founded a settlement in their territory in 1823. The settlers frequently fought with the Karankawa. The tribe sided with the United States of America in the Texas War of Independence. In that war, the Karankawa chief, Jose Maria, and most of his 20 warrior were killed.^[3]

In 1858 Juan Nepomuceno Cortina attacked and killed a band of Karankawa.^[3]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Fogelson 659
2. ^ Newcomb 79
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Karankawa Indian Tribe History." Access Genealogy. (retrieved 10 April 2011)
4. ^ De Solis, Fray Gaspar José. Diary, 1767. (Op.cit. "Karankawa".)
5. ^ Himmel (1999), p. 20.
6. ^ Fogelson 6

References

• Andrés Reséndez. A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca. Basic Books, Perseus, United States of America, 2007. ISBN 0-465-06840-5.
• Fogelson, Raymond D., volume ed. Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 14, Southeast. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas. Texas A&M University. ISBN 978-0890968673. http://books.google.com/books?id=AbaHlsz3VtkC. 
• Newcomb, W. W. (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Press.

External links

• E. Dan Klepper, "Written in Smoke: The mysterious Karankawa tribe wore facial tattoos, wrestled competitively and sent letters through the sky", Texas Parks and Wildlife magazine, 2005
• "Karankawa Indians", The Handbook of Texas Online
• The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas, published 1891, hosted by Portal to Texas History