Diospyros texana

"Chapote" redirects here. For other uses, see Sapote.

Diospyros texana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ebenaceae
Genus:	Diospyros
Species:	D. texana
Binomial name
Diospyros texana Scheele[1]

Diospyros texana is a species of persimmon that is native to central and west Texas and southwest Oklahoma in the United States, and eastern Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. Common names include Texas Persimmon, Mexican Persimmon and the more ambiguous "black persimmon".^[1] It is known in Spanish as Chapote, Chapote Manzano, or Chapote Prieto,^[2] all of which are derived from the Nahuatl word tzapotl. That word also refers to several other fruit-bearing trees.^[3]

Description

D. texana is a multi-trunked small tree or large shrub^[2] with a lifespan of 30 to 50 years.^[4] It usually grows to 3 m (9.8 ft) in height, but can reach 12 m (39 ft) on good sites.^[5] The bark is smooth, light reddish gray,^[6] and peels away from mature trees to reveal shades of pink, white, and gray on the trunk.^[7]

Leaves

The sclerophyllus leaves^[5] are obovate, dark green, 2–5 cm (0.79–2.0 in) long and 1–3 cm (0.39–1.2 in) wide. Apexes are obtuse to emarginate. Upper surfaces are glossy while lower surfaces are covered in fine hairs and lack basilaminar glands. Leaves are attached to 0.1–0.5 cm (0.039–0.20 in) petioles.^[6] Trees are deciduous in the north of their range and become evergreen further south.^[5]

Flowers

D. texana is dioecious (separate male and female trees) and produces flowers starting in March or April. The flowers are white, urn-shaped,^[8] and 0.8–1.6 cm (0.31–0.63 in) wide. They have five sepals, five petals, 16 stamens, and four styles. Flowers are solitary or form on cymes of two to three.^[6]

Fruit

The fruit of D. texana are black, subglobose berries with a diameter of 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) that that ripen in August.^[6] Berries contain three to eight^[9] light red, triangular seeds around 0.8 cm (0.31 in) in length.^[6]

Habitat

Texas Persimmon can be found at elevations from sea level to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).^[6] It inhabits the Edwards Plateau^[5] the Chihuahuan Desert,^[2] the southern third of the Western Gulf coastal grasslands,^[10] the Tamaulipan mezquital,^[11] and the Tamaulipan matorral.^[12][13] Throughout its range, D. texana favors riparian zones,^[5] prairie margins, and rocky slopes.^[6] It prefers well-drained, alkaline soils^[14] but is tolerant of soils with a pH of 6.1 to 7.8.^[15]

Uses

The sapwood of Texas Persimmon is clear yellow, while the heartwood, found only in very large trees, is black (ebony) like that of the related D. ebenum.^[8] The heartwood is hard, dense, and takes a high polish. It is used to make engraving blocks, artwork, and tools.^[5] The fleshy berries are edible and sweet when ripe^[8] and are used in puddings and custards; they are also relished by many species of birds and mammals. They were traditionally used by Native Americans to make a black dye for animal hides, and are still used for this purpose in Mexico.^[5] The small size, peeling bark, intricate branching, and drought tolerance of D. texana make it useful as an ornamental.^[7]

Ecology

D. texana is a host plant for the caterpillars of the Grey Hairstreak (Strymon melinus) and Henry's Elfin (Callophrys henrici)^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Diospyros texana Scheele". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1997-02-26. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14325. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Texas Persimmon (Diospyros texana)". Chihuahuan Desert Plants. University of Texas at El Paso. 2006-04-17. http://museum.utep.edu/chih/gardens/plants/DtoF/diospytex.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
3. ^ Watson, George (April 1938). "Nahuatl Words in American English". American Speech 13 (2): 113–114. JSTOR 451954. 
4. ^ Valley Proud Environmental Council (2003-11-19). "Tree Guide for the Rio Grande Valley of Texas". Brownsville Public Utilities Board. http://www.brownsville-pub.com/about/TreeGuide_English.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-20. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Carey, Jennifer H. (1994). "Diospyros texana". Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/diotex/all.html. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Diospyros texana Scheele". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092180. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Texas Persimmon, Mexican Persimmon, Black Persimmon, Chapote". Benny Simpson's Texas Native Trees. Texas A&M University. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/diospyrostexana.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "Diospyros texana Scheele". Native Plant Information Network. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=dite3. Retrieved 2009-11-29. 
9. ^ "Texas Persimmon Diospyros texana". Field Guides. eNature. http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recNum=TS0706. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
10. ^ "Western Gulf Coastal grasslands (NA0701)". WildWorld Full Reports. World Wide Fund for Nature. http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0701_full.html. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
11. ^ NatureServe (2003) (PDF). Tamaulipan Thornscrub Ecoregion. International Classification of Ecological Communities: Terrestrial Vegetation. http://www.abisw.org/tt/tt_subset.pdf. 
12. ^ Hathcock, Chris (October 2008). "Uses of Native Plants Found at Parras de la Fuente" (PDF). The Sabal (Native Plant Project) 25 (7). http://nativeplantproject.com/SABALS/SABAL1008.pdf. 
13. ^ Pezo, Danilo; Muhammad Ibrahim (1998). Sistemas Silvopastoriles. Biblioteca Orton IICA/CATIE. ISBN 9789977573014. http://books.google.com/books?id=_pYOAQAAIAAJ. 
14. ^ Gilman, Edward F.; Dennis G. Watson (November 1993). "Diospyros texana Texas Persimmon" (PDF). United States Forest Service. http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/DIOTEXA.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-29. ^{[dead link]}
15. ^ "Texas Persimmon Diospyros texana". PlantFiles. Dave's Garden. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55056/. Retrieved 2009-11-29. 

External links

• "Diospyros texana" (PDF). Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and other publications). United States Geological Survey. http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/diostexa.pdf.