Mantle Hood

Mantle Hood (June 24, 1918 – July 31, 2005) was an American ethnomusicologist. Among other areas, he specialized in studying gamelan music from Indonesia. Hood pioneered, in the 1950s and 1960s, a new approach to the study of music, and the creation at UCLA of the first American university program devoted to ethnomusicology. He was known for a suggestion, somewhat novel at the time, that his students actually learn to play the music they were studying.

Biography

Born and brought up in Springfield, Illinois, Hood studied piano as a child and played tenor saxophone in regional jazz clubs in his teens. Despite his talent as a musician, he had no plans to make it his profession. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1930s and wrote pulp fiction while employed as a draftsman in the aeronautical industry.

After Army service in Europe during World War II, he returned to Los Angeles. He enrolled in the School of Agriculture at the University of California before transferring to UCLA.

Between 1945 and 1950 Mantle Hood studied Western music under composer Ernst Toch and composed several classical pieces. Hood earned both his BA in music and MA in composition from UCLA in 1951. As a Fulbright scholar, Hood studied Indonesian music under Jaap Kunst at the University of Amsterdam.

He wrote his Ph.D. dissertation on pathet, translated as the modal system of Central Javanese music. He proposed that the contours of the balungan (nuclear theme) melody are the primary determinants of the Javanese musical mode. The dissertation, The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Patet in Javanese Music was published in 1954.

After completing his doctoral work in 1954, Hood spent two years in Indonesia doing field research funded by a Ford Foundation fellowship. He joined the faculty at UCLA where he established the first gamelan performance program in the United States in 1958. He also founded the Institute for Ethnomusicology at UCLA in 1960. UCLA quickly became an important American hub of this rapidly developing field. Hood's work spawned a legion of teachers and leaders of the more than 100 gamelan groups in the United States today.

A renowned expert in Javanese and Balinese music and culture, Hood received honors from the Indonesian government for his research, among them the conferral of the title Ki (literally "the venerable") in 1986, and in 1992 was one of the first non-Indonesians to be honored with membership into the Dharma Kusuma (Society of National Heroes).

Hood wrote numerous novels, scholarly books and articles in journals and encyclopedias. Some of his works include The Ethnomusicologist (1971, 1982), Music in Indonesia (1972), the three-volumed The Evolution of Javanese Gamelan.

In 1973, Hood left UCLA and retired to Hawaii where he composed music and served as an editor of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. He also wrote contributions for the Harvard Dictionary of Music and the Encyclopedie de la Musique.

In the 1980s, he came out of retirement in Hawaii to become Senior Distinguished Professor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where he remained until 1996, establishing an ethnomusicology program. He was a professor of music at West Virginia University and a visiting professor at Harvard, Yale, Wesleyan, Indiana, and Drake Universities and the University of Ghana. He also served as President of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 1965 to 1967. In 1999 he was the Charles Seeger Lecturer at the annual conference of the SEM.

Mantle Hood's wife, Hazel Chung, was a teacher of Indonesian and African dance. Hood, with Chung, shot footage in Ghana and Nigeria for their film, Atumpan: The Talking Drums of Ghana (1964).

In 1990, Mantle Hood presented a paper at the 7th International Congress of the European Seminar in Ethnomusicology in Berlin under the title "The Quantum Theory of Music." The concept sought to revolutionize research in music by developing theoretical and practical constructs to close a 75-year gap between the 1920s, which were the beginning of the quantum age in the sciences, and the present. An international consortium was formed (England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and the United States). This consortium resulted in an interdisciplinary five-day workshop with the keynote paper on this subject held in Trieste, Italy, including scholars in physics, mathematics, acoustics, computer-based musical composition, and ethnomusicology. In the following year, seminars in ethnomusicology were held in Venice, Italy. In subsequent years, a core group continued to explore new paradigms inspired by Hood's concepts, and worked through correspondence and meetings. The group included Giovanni Giuriati of the University of Rome, Rudiger Schumacher of the University of Cologne, John E. Myers of Bard College at Simon’s Rock, and others. Schumacher and Myers delivered related papers at the annual conference of the European Seminar in Ethnomusicology, held in Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 20-25, 1993. In 1999, Hood outlined key principles of his quantum theory - influenced thinking in his paper "Ethnomusicology's Bronze Age in Y2K," delivered as the Seeger Lecture at the congress of the Society for Ethnomusicology held in Austin, Texas.

Hood died in Ellicott City, Maryland. His son Made Mantle Hood (BA (Maryland), MA (Hawaii), PhD (Cologne)) is a lecturer in ethnomusicology at Monash University in Australia.^[1]

Curriculum Vitae

Degrees

UCLA, B.A., Highest Honors in Music, Phi Beta Kappa, 195l UCLA, M.A. in Music, 1952 University of Amsterdam, Ph.D. cum laude, 1954 University of Cologne, 2003 Doctoris Philosophiae Honoris Causa

Teaching

Visiting Professor, Sekolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia Denpasar, Summer, 1998. Senior Distinguished Professor, West Virginia University, 1995–1998 Housewright Eminent Scholar, Florida State University, 1996-1997 (in residence: March, 1997). Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Massachusetts, Boston, 1993–94 Adjunct Professor, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1993-94 Senior Distinguished Professor Retired, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1993 Visiting Professor, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1985 Visiting Professor, The Academy of Arts, Cairo, Egypt, 1984 Visiting Professor, Central Academy of Music, Beijing, 1983 Visiting Professor, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1983 Senior Distinguished Professor of Ethnomusicology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1980–1996 Visiting Distinguished Professor of Folklore, Indiana University, 1977–78 Visiting Professor, Yale University, 1977 Adjunct Professor, UMBC, 1976 Professor Emeritus, UCLA, 1974 Visiting Distinguished Professor, Drake University, 1972 Visiting Colleague, University of Hawaii, 1967–68 Visiting Professor, University of Ghana, 1963–64 Professor, UCLA, 1962–74 Visiting Professor, Harvard University, 196l Associate Professor, UCLA, 1959 Assistant Professor, UCLA, 1956 Instructor, UCLA, 1954

Courses: Pro-seminar in Ethnomusicology Music of Africa Music of Bali Music of Hawaii Music of Indonesia Music of Java Musical Cultures of the World Advanced Orchestration Advanced Harmony Advanced Modal Counterpoint Music Appreciation Musicianship Form and Analysis Balinese Gamelan Performance Balinese Gender Wayang Performance Javanese Gamelan Performance Seminars: Seminar in Ethnomusicology Seminar in Field and Laboratory Methods Seminar in Bibliography and Research Methods Seminar in Guided Writing Seminar in Organology Seminar in Aesthetics

Individual Guidance many Special Projects and the guidance of a large number of M.A. and Ph.D. candidates

Administration

President of the Academic Senate, UMBC, 1981–82

Progenitor and Program Coordinator of M.A./Ph.D., 1980 program in ethnomusicology, UMBC; including budgetary responsibility, staffing, research program, curriculum

Founder-Director Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, 1961-1974. Responsibilities: instigating and coordinating interdisciplinary research programs involving many departments, several colleges of UCLA, and occasionally other campuses of the University; budgets, grant proposals (for the Institute, for UCLA, for Univ. of California), curriculum planning and staffing with emphasis on the ethnic arts. Graduate degree candidates averaged 50 annually; majors and non-majors involved in performances and areas courses in ethnomusicology numbered between 500-600 annually.

Honors and Awards

Award 2002 for Outstanding Contribution to the United States-Indonesia Relationship, September 12, 2002, Washington D.C., The United States-Indonesia Society

The Charles Seeger Lecture, Austin Texas, SEM, November 20, 1999: “Ethnomusicology’s Bronze Age in Y2K”.

Housewright Eminent Scholar, academic year 1996-1997, Florida State University, (in residence: March, 1997).

John Blacking Memorial Lecture, “The Musical River of Change and Innovation,” Triple Congress, ESEM, Rotterdam, 1995.

One of the first five non-Indonesians honored by membership in Dharma Kusuma, (Society of National Heroes)in a ceremony led by the Governor of Bali, August 14, 1992.

Inaugural Address: “The Quantum Theory of Music II,” for the founding of the Jaap Kunst Stichting (Foundation), October 3, 1991, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Honorary Life-Time President, Jaap Kunst Stichting.

Adjudicator for an international competition of research in ethonmusicology (Premio internazionale Latina di studi musicali), sponspored by Campus Internazionale di Musica Associazione Circe-Eurora, Latina, Italy, September 27–29, 1990.

Ditto 1995.

Canadian Broadcasting Company purchased mechanical reproduction rights for "Implosion," percussion quartet (1981), for broadcast throughout Canada and 1,000 affiliated stations worldwide, 1989; (composers: VARESE, BELUSE, MOREL, LANZA, KONDO, HOOD).

Principal Speaker, "Gamelan in America," lecture-concert "Double Concerto" by Lou Harrison, Japan Musical Education and Culture Promotion Society, Tokyo, May, 1989.

Keynote address, "Music from Galileo to Einstein -- a Quantum Leap," Southern California Chapter of the Society for Ethnomusicology, UCLA, May, 1989.

The title "KI" (Javanese: "KHJAI"), “The Venerable,” conferred by the Indonesian Government, August, 1986, (the only non-Indonesian ever so-honored).

Documentary film Atumpan (42' color) selected for Milan Film Festival, 1985, filmed in West Africa, 1963–64.

Invitation from Under-Secretary of Culture in Oman to research collection of Omani folklore, make recommendations to the Omani Government (Muscat, Oman, April, 1985), and to participate in a two-week congress (Muscat, October, 1985).

Senior Fulbright to Australia, summer, 1985 (declined).

Keynote address: "Music the 'Ha' of Culture," Silver Jubilee, April, 1984, Cairo University

Keynote address: "The Epic Identity and the Arts," Section 12 Tradition and Intercultural Relations in Music, Dance and Theater, XXXI International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, 31 August to 7 September, Tokyo and Kyoto, 1983.

Certificate of Merit, Prime Minister Suharto (now ex-President Suharto), Indonesia, 1983.

NEH Summer Seminar for College Teachers, UMBC, 1982, "Are All Musical Cultures about Equally Complex?"

Director, Summer Institute for Elementary-Secondary Teachers, U.S. Office of Education, 1982.

Elected to Scientific Board, International Institute of Comparative Music Studies and Documentation, Berlin, 1978.

Keynote address: Pacific Basin Conference, University of California Santa Cruz, 1977.

Senior Fulbright to Bombay, India, 1975.

Certificate of Outstanding Contributions to Indonesia, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, 1975.

Research Fellowship, Center for Twentieth Century Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1973 (declined).

Senior Fulbright Lectureship to Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 1972-73 (declined in favor of consultancy).

Senior Fellow Specialist, East-West Center, Honolulu, 197l

Fellowship, California Institute of the Humanities, 1970–71, (declined).

Senior Fellowship, NEH, 1971.

Senior Fulbright Lecturer, Australia, 1969-70 (declined).

Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1969.

Fellowship, Institute of Creative Arts, University of California, 1967–68.

Visiting Colleague, University of Hawaii, 1967–68.

Fellowship, American Council of Learned Societies, 1964-65.

Fellowship, African-American Universities Program, Ghana-Nigeria, 1963–64.

Fellow, Princeton Council on Humanities, 1962-63.

Elected to the Research Group, UCLA, 1962.

Two successive Ford Foundation Fellowships to Indonesia, 1956-58.

Two successive Fulbright Fellowships, The Netherlands, 1952-54.

Guggenheim Fellowship, 1952 (declined).

University Fellowships, UCLA, 195l-53 (second year declined).

University Committees

UMBC (1980–1995):

Provost's Advisory Committee Academic Planning and Budget Committee Graduate Council President of Academic Senate U. of Maryland President's Task Force on Admission Requirements Committee on General Distribution Requirements Committee on Core Curricula Chairman, Graduate Committee Chancellor's Faculty Review Committee of Promotion, Tenure, Contracts numerous ad hoc committees

UCLA (1954–74): Committee on Committees of the Academic Senate Committee on the University of the Future Chancellor's Committee on International and Comparative Studies University Cultural Policy Committee Arts and Literature Committee University of California-University of Chile Committee Committee on Asian Studies Lower Division College Steering Committee (five annual) Steering Committees for UC All-Faculty Conferences, held on Davis Campus Library Committee of the Academic Senate Committee for African Studies Center Committee for the Institute of Ethnomusicology Committee for the Center for Mythology and Folklore Committee for the Center for Near Eastern Studies Committee for the Center for Latin American Studies numerous ad hoc committees of the Senate, UCLA campus, the greater University Departmental Committees (UCLA): Graduate Advisor Chairman, Council Ethnomusicology Composers' Council Graduate Committee Committee on T.A.s Library Committee numerous ad hoc interdepartmental and college committees

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

Consulting 1999-2000 appointed Adunct Distinguished Senior Professor; continuing as consultant and Editor-in-Chief of journal World Music Reports (see EDITORIAL) to the present

1995-98 Dean Philip Faini, College of Creative Arts, West Virginia University

1994-95 - Asian Cultural Council

1993-94 - University of Massachusetts

1993 - Asian Cultural Council

1992 - Asian Cultural Council

1991 - Ford Foundation Indonesia

1991 - Asian Cultural Council

1991 - Jaap Kunst Stichting, Amsterdam

1991 - Constitution and By laws, European Seminar in Ethnomusicology, Lucerne, Switzerland

1991 - Sekolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia, Bali, Indonesia

1990-96 - Reader for the National Humanities Center

1989 - Japan Victor Company, Editorial Board for American Edition (U.S. and Canada), 30 video tapes of music-dance worldwide (Japanese version released 1987)

1988- - The (international) Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association.

1988- - The Research Foundation, San Francisco

1987- - Asian Cultural Council

1987-88 - Aspen Institute, Wye Plantation, re. studies in Balinese culture

1986 - Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX of Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia

1985 - Ministry of Culture, Indonesia, re. Vancouver World's Fair 1986

1985 - Minister of Communications and Director of Center for Omani Traditional Music, the Sultanate of Oman

1985-96 - International Institute of Comparative Music Studies and Documentation, Berlin

1984-85 - Academy of the Arts and four of its seven Institutes, Cairo

1983 - Central Academy of Music, Beijing, China

1983 - External Examiner of Ph.D. candidate, University of Toronto,

1983 - Advisor on faculty - University of Ibadan

1983 - Ford Foundation re. establishment of archive in Poona, Inda

1982 - Advisor to Dr. Djelantik (son of the late Radja of Bali and sponsor of educational institutions in the arts) re. training program at UMBC for arts faculty of ASTI and ASKI, Bali, Indonesia

1976 - for Brown University President Howard Swearer re. expansion of program in ethnomusicology

1976 - for faculty and administrators of Visual and Performing Arts Program, UMBC

1973-76 - Senior Fulbright-Hays Program, Committee on International Exchange of Persons

1972 - Minister of Education, Minister of Culture, three universities of Malaysia re. establishing three-year curriculum in performing arts, School of Humanities, Sains Malaysia Universiti

1972 - for Brown University President Donald F. Hornig, re. all Music Programs of the University

1971 - Her Imperial Majesty, The Shahbanou, Empress of Iran and the Vice-Chancellor, University of Tehran re. establishing a research center for the performing arts

1971 - External Examiner of candidate for Doctor of Literature, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

1971 - Southwest Regional Laboratories re. audio-visual products designed for schools and universities

1970 - External Examiner of candidate for Ph.D., University of Melbourne

1969 - California Institute for the Arts re. curricular planning and staffing for program in the performing arts

1968 - Asia Society re. selection of Indonesian touring artists

1968 - External Examiner of candidate for Ph.D., Sydney University

1967-68 - East-West Center re. Humanities program

1967-68 - Music Department, University of Hawaii re. graduate program in ethnomusicology

1967-86 - JDR IIIrd Fund (now Asian Arts Council) re. cultural exchange program with Indonesia

1962-74 - External Examiner of M.A., Ph.D. candidates, University of Ghana

1964 - Columbia Pictures re. motion picture Lord Jim, starring Peter O'Toole; screen credit: "Advisor in Oriental Music"

1964-66 - Dean, University of Chile re. program in ethnomusicology, exchange of scholars and students, film project

1964-78 - American Society for Eastern Arts re. school curriculum, visiting artists, programs, special projects

1963 - J. F. Kennedy's Advisors in the Sciences; two-week conference at Yale University on the problems of teaching music in the elementary and secondary schools of the nation

1963 - Universal Motion Picture Studios re. motion picture The Spiral Road, starring Rock Hudson

1958-86 - International Music Council of UNESCO

1957-68 - Asia Foundation (San Francisco office and Indonesian office) re. cultural projects in Indonesia

1957-68 - Asia Society re. Asian cultural programs

Editorial

Founder and Editor-in-Chief, World Music Reports, Center for World Music, West Virginia University, 1996

Editorial Board, Japan Victor Company for American Edition of series of 30 video tapes of music-dance worldwide, 1989–90

Founder and Editor-in-Chief, Progress Reports in Ethnomusicology, SEMPOD Laboratory, UMBC, 1983–1995

Founder and Editor Ha'ilono Mele, monthly publication of The Hawaiian Music Foundation, 1974–76

Member of the Board of Editors and Area Editor for the field of ethnomusicology (editorial responsibility for ca. one and a half million words) for The New Grove International Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed., British Macmillan, London, 1980

Founder and Editor-in-Chief, Selected Reports, Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, 1966–74

Consulting Editor for the field of music and dance, African Arts Magazine, African Studies Center, UCLA, 1967–74

Founder and Editor-in-Chief, I.E. Records Series (LP recordings and accompanying books), Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, 1966–74

Reader for various commercial and university publishers, 1960 – the present

Professional Societies

European Seminar in Ethnomusicology American Academy of Arts and Sciences Society for Ethnomusicology (Past President and other offices) American Council of Learned Societies (past SEM rep.) American Musicological Society International Council for Traditional Music International Musicological Society

Congresses et al.

Congresses, papers read, public lectures, symposia, seminars, panel discussions, etc. in universities, colleges, governmental bureaus, and public forums in the United States and abroad, 1953 – the present

PRINCIPAL PUBLICATIONS

Books

Mantle Hood, six novels: The Keepers [1998], The Celestial Connection [1999], Just a Stone’s Throw [2000], The Wisdom Knot [200l], From Out of the Blue, Trompin’ the Wraparound [2002].

Books and Articles in Books

Mantle Hood, “Balinese Gamelan Semar Pegulingan: the Modal System,” To the Four Corners, a Festschrift in Honor of Rose Brandel, edited by Ellen C. Leichtman, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press, 1994, 11-23.

- - - - "Voiceprints in Omani Traditional Music," in a festschrift for J. H. Nketia African Musicology.

- - - - Current Trends, Vol. II, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992, 191-244.

- - - - ditto, co-published as another festscrift by the Sultanate of Oman, Muscat, Oman, 1995.

- - - - Paragon of the Roaring Sea. THE EVOLUTION OF JAVANESE GAMELAN, BOOK III. Wilhelmshaven: Florian Noetzel Verlag, 1988.

- - - - "All Musical Cultures are about Equally Complex." (chapter in) More than Drumming. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985.

- - - - Legacy of the Roaring Sea. THE EVOLUTION OF JAVANESE GAMELAN, BOOK II. Wilhelmshaven: Heinrichshofen, 1984.

- - - - The Ethnomusicologist. New Edition. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1982; translations complete or in process: Arabic, Chinese, Indonesian, Korean, Polish (1986 -).

- - - - Music of the Roaring Sea. THE EVOLUTION OF JAVANESE GAMELAN, BOOK I. Wilhelmshaven: Heinrichshofen, 1980.

- - - - The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Patet in Javanese Music. Deluxe Editions (reprint of dissertation), New York: Da Capo Press, 1977.

- - - - "Slendro and Pelog Redefined" (chapter in) Readings in Ethnomusicology. David P. McAllester, editor; reprint, 2nd ed. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1976.

- - - - The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Patet in Javanese Music, (reprint of 1954 dissertation), New York: Da Capo., 1977.

- - - - "The Consensus Makers of Asian Music." (chapter in) Perspectives in Musicology. Editors: Barry S. Brook, Edward O. D. Downes, Sherman Van Solkema. New York: W. W. Norton, 1972.

- - - - "Music of Indonesia." (chapter in) Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden: E. J. Brille, 1972.

- - - - The Ethnomusicologist. New York: McGraw-Hill, 197l.

Toch, Ernst. Placed as a Link in this Chain - a Medley of Observations. Selection, organization, and Introduction by Mantle Hood. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 197l.

Hood, Mantle and Hardja Susilo. Music of the Venerable Dark Cloud. Los Angeles: Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, 1967.

McPhee, Colin. Music in Bali. Forward and indices by Mantle Hood. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.

Harrison, Frank, Mantle Hood, Claud Palisca. Musicology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

Hood, Mantle. "Indonesia." (chapter in) Asia in the Modern World. Helen G. Mathew, ed. New York: Mentor Books, 1963.

- - - - "The Enduring Traditions." (chapter in) Indonesia. Ruth McVey, ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.

- - - - Institute of Ethnomusicology. Los Angeles: Institute of Ethnomusicology, 196l.

- - - - Javanese Gamelan in the World of Music. (Gamelan Djawa Dilihat Dari Segi Dunia Musik, Trans. H. Susilo) Jogyakarta: Kedaulatan Rakjat, 1958.

Mellema, R. Wayang Puppets, Carving, Coloring, Symbols. Trans. from the Dutch by Mantle Hood. Amsterdam: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1954.

Hood, Mantle. The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Patet in Javanese Music. Groningen: J. B. Wolters, 1954.

Encyclopedias

Mantle Hood, "Composition and Improvisation," Encyclopedia of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, 1987.

- - - - "Southeast Asia."  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed.  London: Macmillan, 1980, 20 vols.

- - - - “Bronze drum.” The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed. London: Macmillan, 1980, 20 vols.

- - - - "Indonesia." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed. London: Macmillan, 1980, 20 vols.

- - - - "Ethnomusicology." Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

- - - - "Pelog." Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

- - - - "Slendro." Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

- - - - "Indonesie.” Encyclopedie de la musique. Paris: Fosquelle, 1963.

- - - - "Pelog." Encyclopedie de la musique. Paris: Fosquelle, 1963.

- - - - "Slendro." Encyclopedie de la musique. Paris: Fosquelle, 1963.

- - - - "Music in History, II - The Orient," Home Encyclopedia of Music, Columbia Records, 196l.

- - - - "Balinesische Musik." Riekmann Musiklexikon. Reiburg: Briesgau, 1960.

- - - - "Javanische Musik." Riemann Musiklexikon. Reiburg: Briesgau, 1960.

- - - - "Indonesie." Encyclopedia van de Muziek. Amsterdam: Elseviers, 1958.

- - - - "Pelog." Encyclopedia van de Muziek. Amsterdam: Elseviers, 1958.

- - - - "Slendro." Encyclopedia van de Muziek. Amsterdam: Elseviers, 1958.

Articles

Hood, Mantle, “Ethnomusicology”s Bronze Age in Y2K,” Ethnomusicology, Vo. 44, No. 3, 2000

- - - -, “Ethnomusioclogy’s Bronze Age in Y2K,” World Music Reports, Vol. I, No. 4, 2000

- - - -, “Il Rasa del suono,” Musica/Realta, 53, Luglio, 1997.

- - - -, "The Quantum Theory of Music II," World Music Reports, Vol. I, No.l, Center for World Music, 1996; published in Chinese (China News, 1992); published in Croat, 1992 (see below).

- - - -, “The Quantum Theory of Music (I),” (prepublished and read in ESEM Congress, Berlin, 1990),China News, (published in Chinese), Beijing, 199l; (viz II) in Croat, 1992; Mudra, (in English) Bali, 1996.

- - - -, John Blacking Memorial Lecture, “The Musical River of Change and Innovation,” European Seminar in Ethnomusicology, pub. By Oideion, Internet, 1995.

- - - -, “Angkep-angkepan,” Ndroje balendro, Musiques, terrains et disciplines, Peters, Paris, 1995.

- - - -, “ENTRETIENS: LA VOIE DUR GAMELAN, Entretien avec Ki Mantle Hood,” Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles, 6, 1993.

- - - -, "Gli 'Indescrivibili' della Musica," EM, Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Archivi di Etnomusicologia, Libreria Musicale Italiana, Rome, 1993

- - - -, "The Untalkables of Music," International Workshop SONIC REPRESENTATION AND TRANSFORM, International School for Advanced Studies, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare per le Scienze Naturali ed Umanistiche, Trieste, Italy, in press, 1992.

- - - -, "Teorija kvantuma u glazbi (II)," Arti Musices 23/2, Zagreb, 1992, 157-164.

- - - -, "Polyphonic Stratification in the Music of Southeast Asia," Proceedings, ESEM, 1992.

- - - -, "Universal Aspects of Javanese Musical Improvisation," Premio Internazionale Latina di Studi Musicali, Camp Internazionale di Musica, Latina, Italy, 1990; also in Chinese translation in Chinese News, Central Academy of Music, Beijing, 1991.

- - - -, "Balinese Gamelan Semar Pegulingan, The Modal System," Progress Reports in Ethnomusicology, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990.

- - - - "Ethnomusicology in the United States," Campus Internazionale di Musica, Latina, Italy; also in Chinese Translation in Chinese News, Central Academy of Music, Beijing, 1990.

- - - - "The Quantum Theory of Music,"European Seminar in Ethnomusicology, VII,International Institute for Comparative Music Studies and Documentation, 1990, 273- 277; also in Chinese translation in Chinese News, Central Academy of Music, Beijing, 1990.

- - - - , Frank L. Vice, and others,"Cervical Auscultation of Suckle Feeding in Newborn Infants," Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 32, 1990, 760-768.

- - - - "L'Arte della composiqione e dell improvvisazion nella dMusica tradizionale Giavanese," Ethnomusicologica, Seminari Internazionali di Ethnomusicologica, 1977–89, XLIII, 91-106.

- - - - "Music from Galileo to Einstein - A Quantum Leap," keynote address, Progress Reports in Ethnomusicology, Vol. II, No. 3., 1989.

- - - - "Music from Galileo to Einstein . . ." Chinese transl., Chinese News, Journal of The Central Academy of Music, Beijing, China, 1989.

- - - - "The 'Ha' of Music," Keynote Address, Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Academy of the Arts, Cairo; in press, 1989.

- - - - "A Courtly Edict for Javanese Music," Papers of the Third International Conference on Chinese Ethnomusicology, Taipai, Taiwan, 1988, 13-23.

- - - - "Musical Ornamentation as History: the Hawaiian Steel Guitar," Newsletter, Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association, 1988.

- - - - "Indonesia Antica, Musica Nova," Musica e Dossier, Anno II,. Numbero IV, Septembre, 1987, 28-31.

- - - - "Indonesian New Music, " Journal, Accadmia Musicale Chigiana, Siena, Italy (in press), 1987.

- - - - "Javanese Gamelan Sekati, Its Sanctity and Age," Acta Musicologica, Vol. LVII, Fasc. I, 1985. 33-37.

- - - - "The Computer in Ethnomusicology." Marlene Brown and C. Herbert Gilliland, eds. Anapolis: U. S. Naval Academy, 1984. 65-70.

- - - - "Bronze Drum," International Dictonary of Musical Instruments. London: Macmillan, 1984. 3 vols.

- - - - "The Epic Identity and the Arts," keynote address (summary), XXXI International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa 1983, the Toho Solskai: Tokyo, 1984. 663-665.

- - - - "Musical Ornamentation as History: the Hawaiian Steel Guitar," Yearbook for Traditional Music, 15:141-48. Biblio., music, 1983.

- - - - "The Bronze Drums of Dongson Culture as Musical Instruments," Proceedings, International Musicological Society, 1982

- - - - "Historical Reconstructions for Oral Traditions of Music," The World of Music, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, 198l.

- - - - "Reminiscent of Charles Seeger," Bulletin, IFMC, 1980.

- - - - "Tribute to Charles Seeger," The World of Music, 1979

- - - - "Universal Attributes of Music," The World of Music, 1977.

- - - - "Improvisation in the Stratified Ensembles of Southeast Asia," Selected Reports, Vol. II, No. 2, 1974.

- - - - "Aspects of Group Improvisation in the Javanese Gamelan," Musics of Asia, National Music Council, Manila, 197l.

- - - - "Epilogue," Musics of Asia, National Music Council, Manila, 197l.

- - - - "Musical Literacy in the 1970's," Journal, College Music Society, Vol. II, Fall, 197l.

- - - - "Effect of Medieval Technology on Musical Style in the Orient," Selected Reports, Vol. I, No. 3, 1970.

- - - - "Music of the Venerable Dark Cloud," Harper's Bazar, January, 1968.

- - - - "Slendro and Pelog Redefined," Selected Reports, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1966.

- - - - "Non-Western Music in Western Education," Education News, Vol. 10 (North Sydney, Australia), 1965.

- - - - "Improvisation as a Discipline in Javanese Music" (reprint), Music Educators Journal, Washington, D.C., 1964.

- - - - "Improvisation as a Discipline in Javanese Music," International Music Education, No. 8, Washington, D.C., 1963.

- - - - "The Quest for Norms in Ethnomusicology," Inter-American Music Bulletin, No. 35, Washington, D.C., 1963.

- - - - "Musical Significance," Ethnomusicology, Anniversary edition, 1963.

- - - - "Javanese Music for American Children," Music Educators Journal, 1962.

- - - - "The Javanese Rebab," Music, Libraries and Instruments, Hinrichsen, 196l.

- - - - "The Reliability of Oral Tradition," Journal, American Musicological Society,1960.

- - - - "The Challenge of 'Bi-musicality'," Ethnomusicology, 1960; (numerous reprints in readers, 1980's.

- - - - "Music of the Javanese Gamelan," Festival of Oriental Music and the Related Arts, May 8–22, UCLA, 1960.

- - - - "Asian Music on an American Campus," Pan Pipes, 1960.

- - - - "Changing Patterns in the Arts of Java," Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures, UNESCO, MADRAS, 1959.

- - - - "Wajang Purwa," Catalogue, Los Angeles County Museum, 1959.

- - - - "Asian Music on an American Campus," Asia Society Letter, 1959.

- - - - "Folk Imitations of the Javanese Gamelan," Viltis, 1956.

- - - - "De Componist Roy Harris," Concertgebouw Nieuws, 1953.

- - - - "The First Television Opera," New Outlook, 1952.

- - - - "The Music of Other Peoples," New Outlook, 1952.

- - - - "Back to Pre-Bach," New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "A New Art Form" (Part I), New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "Color-Music: a New Art Form" (Part II), New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "Technique is not Enough," New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "A 'Sacreligious' Requiem," New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "A Glance at Gian-Carlo Menotti," New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "Our Listening Altitude," New Outlook, 195l.

- - - - "The Semantics of Music," New Outlook, 195l.

Documentary Films

Atumpan (see Honors and Awards), 1985.

Tari Topeng Sunda, 10' color-sound, masked dance style of West Java, filmed in Indonesia, 1972. (Also VHS)

The Puppet Play of West Java, 6' color-sound, filmed in Indonesia, 1970. (Also VHS)

The Shadow Play of Bali, 6' color-sound, filmed in Indonesia, 1970. (Also VHS)

Atumpan, the Talking Drums of Ghana, edited for Macmillan, New York, 1969.

Ghanaian Dance Ensemble, filmed on UCLA campus, 1968.

Three for Dance, original music, directed and narrated for Educational Television, Honololo, 1968. (Also VHS)

8,000 feet of 16mm film and sound documention of classes given by and attended by Regents Lecturer, Ravi Shankar, l965. (Edited but not released.)

4,000 feet of 16mm film and sound documentation of teaching methods and solo performance techniques of Indian tabla performed by the virtuoso Alla Rhaka, 1965. (Edited but not released.)

Atumpan, the Talking Drums of Ghana, 42' color-sound documentary-narrative, 16mm, filmed in Ghana,1963-64. (Also VHS)

Recordings

"Marta Budaja," release by Balungan, Lou Harrison, ed., 1993.

"Implosion" (see HONORS AND AWARDS), 1989.

Supervision of editing and engineering "Bali North, LP recording master from field collection of Dr. Ruby Orstein,. 1972.

"Bali South," LP recording issued by the Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, from the field collection of Gertrude Rivers Robinson, 1972.

Three LP's (untitled) from collection of Mantle Hood for the book The Ethnomusicologist (see Books), 197l.

"Africa East and West," materials selected and edited from Mantle Hood collection and others, LP recording narrated by Mantle Hood and released by African Studies Center, UCLA, 1969. (IER 675l)

"Music of the Venerable Dark Cloud," LP recorded by Columbia Masterworks (CBS studios), programmed by Mantle Hood, including supervision of recording, engineering and mastering, released by the Institute of Ethnomusicology, UCLA, 1967. (IER 750l)

"African Music," LP master, supervison of editing, engineering, and programming of examples from field collection of Professor Klaus Wachsmann, 1967.

"Persian Music," LP master, supervision of editing, engineering, and programming of examples from field collection of Professor Hormoz Farhat, 1967.

"Japanese Traditional Music," LP master of Keiji Yagi, studio recording by Mantle Hood, 1967.

"Lord Jim," LP from sound track of Columia motion picture Lord Jim, 1964. (Colpix CP 52l)

"The Exotic Sounds of Bali," LP issued in Columbia Masterworks series (MI 6445, stereo, MI 5845, monaural, 1963), nominated for a Grammy, 1964; reissued on Odyssey, 1963 (No. 32160366); programmed by Mantle Hood, including supervision of engineering and mastering.

Recent Musical Compositions

“Gending Shin,” a bibaran for Javanese gamelan, adopted by the Japanese club as the closing number for all future concerts, World Premier Kyoto, Japan, May 2, 1998.

"Gending Lou" transcribed for Balinese gamelan Semar Pegulingan, 1989, adapted for dance drama, scheduled for two performances in February, 1990.

"Gendhing Ageng Lou" for Javanese gamelan pelog in two continuous movements, commissioned by Lou Harrison, 1988, scheduled for World Premier Aril 10, 1990.

"Selamat Singapadu" for gender wayang quartet, 1988.

"Saratoga Springs" for Balinese gamelan angklung, dedicated to Lou Harrison, in press, Balungan, 1986.

"Marta Budaja" for Javanese gamelan slendro, in three patet; commissioned by the American composer Lou Harrison, 1983; premiered May 8, 1984; two performances at the Saratoga Springs Music festival 1986; performance at Expo '86, Vancouver, B.C.; in press, Balungan, 1986.

"Explosion" for percussion quintet, premiered 1983.

"Implosion" for percussion quartet, premiered 198l, published by Somers, 1982.

"Aloha Is," text and music for Hawaiian anthem, premiered Honolulu International Center, 1976.

"Four Ballads for Tenor Voice, text and music, 1976.

"Sound Partials" for 17 Buddhist gongs, commissioned by Hazel Chung for solo choreography, premiered at Theater Vanguard, Los Angeles, 1974.

"Negotiated Peace" for string quartert premiered at UCLA,1973.

"Sekar Anjar" for Balinese gamelan angklung, commissioned for solo choreography by I Made' Bandem, premiered at Ojai Festival in California, 1972.

"Pandji Kesemaran" for Balinese gamelan angklung, commissioned by I Made' Bandem for choreography for three dancers, premiered at Ojai Festival in California, 1972.

"Time to Mourn" for seven diverse African, Southeast Asian, and East Asia percussion instruments, commissioned by Hazel Chung for choreography for dance company, premiered at Kennedy Theater, East-West Center, Honolulu, 1968.

"Emergence" for eight players, a synthesis of South Asian, Southeast Asian, Polynesian, East Asian, African, and Western musical instruments and concepts (see Documentary Films, “Three for Dance),” 1968.

"Owari" for 11 performers, a synthesis of African, Asian, and Western musical instruments and concepts, premiered at Kennedy Theater, East-West Center, Honolulu, 1968.

Bi-musicality

Mantle Hood explained ethnomusicology as being the "study of music wherever and whenever." While his teacher Jaap Kunst wrote the two volumes of Music in Java without actually playing any of the music, Hood required that his students learn to play the music they were studying. While Hood was not the first ethnomusicologist to attempt learning to perform the music being studied, he gave the approach a name in his 1960 article on bi-musicality. It has been an important ethnomusicological research tool ever since. The approach enables the researcher to, in some manner, learn about music "from the inside", and thereby experience its technical, conceptual and aesthetic challenges. The student is also able to better connect socially with the community being studied and have better access to the community's rituals and performances.

The inspiration of "bi-musical" was "bi-lingual". Hood applied the term to music the same way a linguist would when describing someone who spoke two languages. He also strongly proposed that ethnomusicology students should know the spoken language of the musical culture being studied. This led to the breakdown of the steadfast rule of having to have competence in French and German at many ethnomusicology programs. Now Javanese, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Navajo, Finnish, Quechua, Korean or any other topic-relevant language can fulfill foreign language requirements.

Quotations

"This emphasis upon music as communication, human understanding, and world peace, not only through musical performance, but also through research, teaching, and other forms of dissemination, is one of the greatest gifts Mantle Hood has given to ethnomusicology." (Encomium for Mantle Hood, Dale Olsen, SEM Newsletter, Vol. 39 No. 3, p. 4, May 2005).

References

1. ^ Music Staff, Arts, Monash University

• Mantle Hood Receives USINDO Award UCLA Center for Southeast Asia Studies
• LA Times Obituary
• Washington Post Obituary
• UCLA Obituary

Persondata
Name	Hood, Mantle
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	June 24, 1918
Place of birth
Date of death	July 31, 2005
Place of death