Divergent evolution

Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection. Primarily diffusion is the basis of molecular division can be seen in some higher-level characters of structure and function that are readily observable in organisms. For example, the vertebrate limb is one example of divergent evolution. The limb in many different species has a common origin, but has diverged somewhat in overall structure and function.

Alternatively, "divergent evolution" can be applied to molecular biology characteristics. This could apply to a pathway in two or more organisms or cell types, for example. This can apply to genes and proteins, such as nucleotide sequences or protein sequences that derive from two or more homologous genes. Both orthologous genes (resulting from a speciation event) and paralogous genes (resulting from gene duplication within a population) can be said to display divergent evolution. Because of the latter, it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species.

In the case of divergent evolution, similarity is due to the common origin, such as divergence from a common ancestral structure or function has not yet completely obscured the underlying similarity. In contrast, convergent evolution arises when there are some sort of ecological or physical drivers toward a similar solution, even though the structure or function has arisen independently, such as different characters converging on a common, similar solution from different points of origin. This includes analogous structures.

Example

The apple maggot fly once infested the fruit of a native Australian hawthorn. In the 1860s some maggot flies began to infest apples. They multiplied rapidly because they were able to make use of an abundant food supply. Now there are two distinct species, one that reproduces when the apples are ripe, and another that continues to infest the native hawthorn. They have not only evolved different reproductive timing, but also now have distinctive physical characteristics.^{[citation needed]}

Usage

J. T. Gulick founded the usage of this term^[1] and other related terms can vary slightly from one researcher to the next. Furthermore, the actual relationships might be more complex than the simple definitions of these terms allow. "Divergent evolution" is most commonly meant when someone invokes evolutionary relationships and "convergent evolution" is applied when similarity is created by evolution independently creating similar structures and functions. The term parallel evolution is also sometimes used to describe the appearance of a similar structure in closely related species, whereas convergent evolution is used primarily to refer to similar structures in much more distantly related clades. For example, some might call the modification of the vertebrate limb to become a wing in bats and birds to be an example of parallel evolution. Vertebrate forelimbs have a common origin and thus, in general, show divergent evolution. However, the modification to the specific structure and function of a wing evolved independently and in parallel within several different vertebrate clades. Also, it has much to do with humans and the way they function from day to day.

In complex structures, there may be other cases where some aspects of the structures are due to divergence and some aspects that might be due to convergence or parallelism. In the case of the eye, it was initially thought that different clades had different origins of the eye, but this is no longer thought by some researchers. It is possible that induction of the light-sensing eye during development might be diverging from a common ancestor across many clades, but the details of how the eye is constructed—and in particular the structures that focus light in cephalapods and vertebrates, for example—might have some convergent or parallel aspects to it, as well.^[2]

A good example of divergent evolution is Darwin's finches, which now have over 80 varieties which all diverged from one original species of finch. (John Barnes)Another example of divergent evolution are the organisms having the 5 digit pentadactyle limbs like the humans, bats, and whales. They have evolved from a common ancestor but today they are different due to environmental pressures

See also

• Adaptive radiation
• Cladistics
• Devolution
• Evolution
• Molecular evolution

References

1. ^ Gulick, John T. (September 1888). "Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 20 (120): 189–274. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1888.tb01445.x. http://books.google.com/books?id=cNQUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:HARVARD32044106309446&lr=#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
2. ^ Gehring, W. J. (2004). "Historical perspective on the development and evolution of eyes and photoreceptors". The International Journal of Developmental Biology 48 (8-9): 707–717. doi:10.1387/ijdb.041900wg. PMID 15558463.  edit

Notes

• Schneider, R. A. (2005). "Developmental mechanisms facilitating the evolution of bills and quills". Journal of Anatomy 207 (5): 563. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00471.x. PMC 1571558. PMID 16313392. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1571558.  edit
• Murphy, W. J.; Pevzner, P. A.; O'Brien, S. J. (2004). "Mammalian phylogenomics comes of age". Trends in Genetics 20: 631. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2004.09.005.  edit
• Good, JM; Hayden, CA; Wheeler, TJ (June 2006). "Adaptive protein evolution and regulatory divergence in Drosophila". Mol Biol Evol. 23 (6): 1101–3. PMID 16537654. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/6/1101.long.  edit
• Yoshikuni, Y.; Ferrin, T. E.; Keasling, J. D. (2006). "Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function". Nature 440 (7087): 1078. Bibcode 2006Natur.440.1078Y. doi:10.1038/nature04607. PMID 16495946.  edit
• Rosenblum, E. �B. (2006). "Convergent Evolution and Divergent Selection: Lizards at the White Sands Ecotone". The American Naturalist 167 (1): 1–0. doi:10.1086/498397. PMID 16475095.  edit
• De Grassi, A.; Lanave, C.; Saccone, C. (2006). "Evolution of ATP synthase subunit c and cytochrome c gene families in selected Metazoan classes". Gene 371 (2): 224. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.022. PMID 16460889.  edit