Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the origin of species from a common descent, and descent of species; as well as their change, multiplication, and diversity over time. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist.

Description

Evolutionary biology is an interdisciplinary field because it includes scientists from a wide range of both field and lab oriented disciplines. For example, it generally includes scientists who may have a specialist training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, or herpetology, but use those organisms as case studies to answer general questions in evolution. It also generally includes paleontologists and geologists who use fossils to answer questions about the tempo and mode of evolution, as well as theoreticians in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary psychology. Experimentalists have used selection in Drosophila to develop an understanding of the evolution of ageing, and experimental evolution is a very active subdiscipline.

In the 1990s developmental biology made a re-entry into evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology.

Its findings feed strongly into new disciplines that study mankind's sociocultural evolution and evolutionary behavior. Evolutionary biology's frameworks of ideas and conceptual tools are now finding application in the study of a range of subjects from computing to nanotechnology.

Artificial life is a sub-field of bioinformatics that attempts to model, or even recreate, the evolution of organisms as described by evolutionary biology. Usually this is done through mathematics and computer models.

History

Evolutionary biology as an academic discipline in its own right emerged as a result of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1970s and 1980s, however, that a significant number of universities had departments that specifically included the term "evolutionary biology" in their titles. In the United States, as a result of the rapid growth of molecular and cell biology, many universities have split (or aggregated) their biology departments into "molecular and cell biology"-style departments and "ecology and evolutionary biology"-style departments (which often have subsumed older departments in paleontology, zoology and the like).

Microbiology has recently developed into an evolutionary discipline. It was originally ignored due to the paucity of morphological traits and the lack of a species concept in microbiology. Now, evolutionary researchers are taking advantage of our extensive understanding of microbial physiology, the ease of microbial genomics, and the quick generation time of some microbes to answer evolutionary questions. Similar features have led to progress in viral evolution, particularly for bacteriophage.

Notable evolutionary biologists

Notable contributors to evolutionary biology include:
* Richard D. Alexander
* William H. Cade
* Bryan Clarke
* Jerry Coyne
* James Crow
* Charles Darwin
* Jared Diamond
* Theodosius Dobzhansky
* Niles Eldredge
* R.A. Fisher
* Edmund Brisco Ford
* J.B.S. Haldane
* Ernst Haeckel
* W.D. "Bill" Hamilton
* Julian Huxley
* Daniel Janzen
* Motoo Kimura
* Alexey Kondrashov
* Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
* Richard Levins
* Richard Lewontin
* Gustave Malécot
* Pierre Louis Maupertuis
* Ernst Mayr
* John Maynard Smith
* George and Elizabeth Peckham
* Robert Trivers
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* August Weismann
* George C. Williams
* Allan Wilson
* Edward Osborne Wilson
* Sewall Wright
* Carl Woese

Evolutionary biologists known primarily for their science popularization:

* Richard Dawkins
* Stephen Jay Gould
* Steve Jones
* Kenneth R. Miller

Notable popularizers of evolution whose research isn't primarily concerned with evolutionary biology include:

* Daniel Dennett
* Greg Graffin
* Steven Pinker
* Matt Ridley
* Carl Sagan
* Peter Atkins
* Robert Ardrey
* Michael Ruse

Bibliography

Textbooks

* Douglas J. Futuyma, "Evolutionary Biology (3rd Edition)", Sinauer Associates (1998) ISBN 0-87893-189-9
* Douglas J. Futuyma, "Evolution", Sinauer Associates (2005) ISBN 0-87893-187-2
* Mark Ridley, "Evolution (3rd edition)", Blackwell (2003) ISBN 1-4051-0345-0
* Scott R. Freeman and Jon C. Herron, "Evolutionary Analysis", Prentice Hall (2003) ISBN 0-13-101859-0
* Michael R. Rose and Laurence D. Mueller, "Evolution and Ecology of the Organism", Prentice Hall (2005) ISBN 0-13-010404-3
* Monroe W. Strickberger, "Evolution (3rd Edition)", Jones & Bartlett Publishers (2000) ISBN 0-7637-1066-0

Notable monographs and other works

* Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) "Philosophie Zoologique"
* Charles Darwin (1859) "The Origin of Species"
* Charles Darwin (1871) "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex"
* R.A. Fisher (1930) "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"
* J. B. S. Haldane (1932) "The Causes of Evolution"
* Ernst Mayr (1941) "Systematics and the Origin of Species"
* Susumu Ohno (1970) "Evolution by gene duplication"
* Richard Dawkins (1976) "The Selfish Gene"
* Motoo Kimura (1983) "The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution"

Topics in evolutionary biology

* Foster's rule
* Muller's ratchet
* Mutational meltdown
* Fitness landscape
* Koinophilia
* List of other evolutionary biology topics

See also

* Artificial selection
* Computational phylogenetics
* Evolutionary ecology
* Evolutionary physiology
* Evolutionary tree
* Genetics
* Phylogenetic comparative methods
* Phylogenetics
* Quantitative genetics
* Selective breeding
* Sexual selection
* Systematics