Pigeon Forge, Tennessee

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Pigeon Forge, Tennessee
settlement_type = City
nickname =
motto =

imagesize = 200px
image_caption =


image_

mapsize = 250px
map_caption = Location of Pigeon Forge, Tennessee

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mapsize1 = 250px
map_caption1 = U.S. Census Map

subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = United States
subdivision_type1 = State
subdivision_name1 = Tennessee
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Sevier

government_footnotes =
government_type =
leader_title =
leader_name =
leader_title1 =
leader_name1 =
established_title =
established_date =

unit_pref = Imperial
area_footnotes =

area_magnitude =
area_total_km2 = 30.0
area_land_km2 = 30.0
area_water_km2 = 0.0
area_total_sq_mi = 11.6
area_land_sq_mi = 11.6
area_water_sq_mi = 0.0

population_as_of = 2000
population_footnotes =
population_total = 5083
population_density_km2 = 169.4
population_density_sq_mi = 438.8

timezone = Eastern (EST)
utc_offset = -5
timezone_DST = EDT
utc_offset_DST = -4
elevation_footnotes =
elevation_m = 305
elevation_ft = 1001
latd = 35 |latm = 47 |lats = 38 |latNS = N
longd = 83 |longm = 33 |longs = 51 |longEW = W

postal_code_type =
postal_code =
area_code = 865
blank_name = FIPS code
blank_info = 47-58080GR|2
blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
blank1_info = 1297439GR|3
website =
footnotes =

Pigeon Forge is a city in Sevier County, Tennessee, located in the southeastern United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,083.

Situated just five miles north of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Pigeon Forge is primarily a tourist resort. The city's attractions include Dollywood and numerous outlet malls and music theaters.

Geography

Pigeon Forge is located at coor dms|35|47|38|N|83|33|51|W|city (35.793946, -83.564124)GR|1 on the West Prong of the Little Pigeon River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.6 square miles (30.0 km²), all of it land.

The West Fork of the Little Pigeon River flows north from its source high on the slopes of Mount Collins through Sevier County before linking up with the Middle Fork in Sevierville. Pigeon Forge occupies a narrow valley along this river between Sevierville and Gatlinburg. High ridges surround Pigeon Forge on three sides, with Pine Mountain to the west, Shields Mountain to the east, and Cove Mountain to the south. A bend in the Little Pigeon provides the city's northern border with Sevierville, and a narrow gorge cut by the river between Cove Mountain and Shields Mountain acts as the city's buffer with Gatlinburg.

U.S. Route 441, known as "the Parkway," runs through the middle of Pigeon Forge en route to Gatlinburg and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where it crests at Newfound Gap before descending to Cherokee, North Carolina. The strip along 441 contains most of Pigeon Forge's tourist attractions. U.S. Route 321 (known as Wears Valley Road in Pigeon Forge) connects the town with Wears Valley and Townsend to the west. Upper Middle Creek Road (a section of which is called Dollywood Lane) connects Pigeon Forge with Dollywood and the rural areas of eastern Sevier County.

Demographics

As of the censusGR|2 of 2000, there were 5,083 people, 2,021 households, and 1,402 families residing in the city. The population density was 438.8 people per square mile (169.5/km²). There were 2,799 housing units at an average density of 241.6/sq mi (93.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.71% White, 0.65% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.28% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.93% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.70% of the population.

There were 2,021 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,746, and the median income for a family was $34,505. Males had a median income of $26,397 versus $21,370 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,621. About 10.0% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

History

Early history

The name "Pigeon Forge" comes from an iron forge built by Isaac Love (1783-1854) sometime around 1820. The name of this forge referred to its location along the Little Pigeon River, in the vicinity of what is now the Old Mill. The name of the river comes from the flocks of Passenger Pigeons that frequented its banks at the time of the first Euro-American settlers' arrival. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.] For centuries, the Cherokee used the valley where Pigeon Forge is now located as a hunting ground. A Cherokee footpath known as the Indian Gap Trail crossed the Great Smokies from North Carolina, and passed through the Pigeon Forge valley en route to its junction with the Great Indian Warpath in modern Sevierville (US-441 closely parallels this ancient trail, although it crests the mountains at Newfound Gap rather than Indian Gap). From Sevierville, the Warpath headed west toward the Overhill Cherokee towns along the Little Tennessee River. [Michal Strutin, "History Hikes of the Smokies" (Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2003), 322-323.]

The Indian Gap Trail brought the first Europeans to the Pigeon Forge area in the early 18th century. Along with hunters and trappers from North Carolina, traders from Virginia had passed through the valley before 1750. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.] Sometime after 1783, Colonel Samuel Wear (1753-1817) became the first permanent Euro-American settler in the Pigeon Forge area. Wear, a veteran of the American Revolution, erected a small fort near the confluence of Walden Creek and the Little Pigeon River (what is now Pigeon Forge City Park). The fort provided a safe stopover for the early pioneers in the Sevier County area. Wear would later serve as a member of the committee that drafted Tennessee's state constitution. [J.G.M. Ramsey, "Annals of Tennessee" (Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1999), 652.]

In 1785, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Dumplin, ceding much of what is now Sevier County to the United States. [Goodspeed Publishing Company, " [http://www.smokykin.com/smhs/sevier.html The History of Sevier County] ," "The History of Tennessee", 1887. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.] Among the first to take advantage of this was Robert Shields (1740-1802), who received a survey for a tract of land in the Pigeon Forge area from the Watauga Land Office in 1786. Shields, who like Wear was a veteran of the Revolution, established a small fort along Middle Creek (near what is now Dollywood). [Beulah Linn, "The Horatio Butler House," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter" 20, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 13.] Shields' son would later write that the fort was 100 feet long and 16 feet wide, with 12-foot walls constructed with "heavy logs." The fort contained living quarters for six families, with a common kitchen at one end and a common living room at the other. As his family grew, Shields constructed separate houses for his children, one of which was purchased by Horatio Butler in 1797 and remained with his descendants until being torn down in 1994. [Beulah Linn, "The Horatio Butler House," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter" 20, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 13.]

Although the Shields Fort was too far from the main Cherokee trails to ever experience a serious assault, the Wear Fort straddled the Indian Gap Trail, making it a popular target for small bands of Cherokee warriors. After the Cherokee attacked his fort in 1793, a frustrated Wear led a band of 60 frontiersmen across the northwestern Smokies into the Overhill Cherokee region. The frontiersmen attacked and destroyed the town of Tallassee (near modern-day Calderwood Dam), killing at least fifteen Cherokees and capturing several others. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.] . In 1794, the Cherokee fired on Wear and his two sons just outside of Calvin's Blockhouse (near Maryville), although the Wears escaped unharmed. [J.G.M. Ramsey, "Annals of Tennessee" (Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1999), 591.]

While treaties negotiated at the Tellico Blockhouse in 1794 and 1798 brought calm to the region, sporadic fighting between Cherokees and the settlers continued. One notable incident occurred in 1800, when the son of Barefoot Runyan (1749-1845) and Margaret Rambo (who had settled near the heart of modern Pigeon Forge) was killed by a Cherokee warrior. The recently-elected Governor Archibald Roane was forced to personally intervene to prevent retaliatory strikes. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.]

The 19th century

Like all Appalachian communities, religion played a major role in the early history of Pigeon Forge. In the early 1800s, circuit riders were preaching in the valley, creating a large Methodist following that remains to the present day. On October 20, 1808, Bishop Francis Asbury delivered a sermon at what is now Shiloh Memorial Cemetery in the northern half of Pigeon Forge, where a crude log church had been erected. [Information obtained from Shiloh Memorial Cemetery Association plaque at Shiloh Memorial Cemetery in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.] Among the first "tourists" to visit Pigeon Forge came for the extended revivals that were held in the Middle Creek area (on the grounds of what is now Middle Creek Methodist Church) as early as 1822. These revivals could last for weeks at a time. [Beulah Linn, "The Isaac Trotter Papers," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter" 12, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 33.]

During Tennessee's frontier days, iron was scarce, and typically had to be imported from neighboring states. Hoping to ease the iron shortage, the Tennessee state legislature passed a law allowing for land "unfit for cultivation" to be purchased tax free so long as it was used for iron works. Around 1820, Isaac Love took advantage of this provision when he purchased 70,000 acres (280 km²) of land between what is now the Old Mill and the Middle Creek area, including ore banks on the slopes of Shields Mountain. Shortly thereafter, Love erected the iron forge that would become the town's namesake. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.]

According to the Sevier County historian J.A. Sharp, iron ore would be smelted into pig iron and hauled via ox cart to the Forge. At the time, the Pigeon Forge consisted of three forges located just upstream from the present Old Mill site. Water from a mill dam powered large trip hammers which pounded the pig iron into bar iron that could be sold commercially. It is said that the light generated by the forges' intense heat could be seen from the hills for miles all around. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.]

Love's son-in-law, Mordecai Lewis, is thought to have built a tub mill along the Little Pigeon around the time of the forge's construction. [J.A. Sharp, " [http://www.sevierlibrary.org/genealogy/drsharphis/pforge.htm The Historic Beginnings of Pigeon Forge] " The Sevier County Library History Center Website. Retrieved: 15 September 2007.] In 1830, Isaac's son William erected the large gristmill now known as the Old Mill. This structure, with its characteristic overshot wheel and mill dam, still stands today just off 441 on Old Mill Road.

While the U.S. Civil War had a relatively minimal impact on Pigeon Forge, a number of Pigeon Forge residents fought for the Union army in the latter part of the war. William Trotter, whose father, John, had assumed ownership of the Old Mill from the Love family, commanded Company H of the 9th Tennessee Cavalry. The company saw action at the Battle of Fort Sanders and later engaged in a series of skirmishes with Confederate forces near Greeneville and Morristown. [Pinkney Seaton, Beulah Linn (ed.), "Abstracts of the Civil War Diary of Lt. P.P. Seaton," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter" 20, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 9-16.]

In the 1870s, a health resort was established in Pigeon Forge at Henderson Springs, adjacent to the Wear's Fort site on the town's north side. [C. Brenden Martin, "Pigeon Forge, Tennessee," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 667.] It was common during this period for the residents of large urban areas to visit mountain springs, the waters of which were thought to have health-restoring qualities.

The commercial boom

In the early 1900s, Pigeon Forge was an isolated mountain hamlet with no major roads. The nearest railroad station was in Sevierville. Bridges were also rare, the only major water crossings being a string of fords along the Little Pigeon. [Beulah Linn, "The West Fork of the Little Pigeon River," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Journal" 22, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 3.] [Pearl Cashell Jackson, "Pi Beta Phi Settlement School" (University of Texas, 1927), 14.]

When the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was opened in 1934, the
Tennessee Valley Authority reported that there were no tourism-oriented businesses in Pigeon Forge. By the 1950s, improvements to US-441 led to the establishment of a few campgrounds and lodges, but little that would generate major revenue. During this period, however, two factors in nearby Gatlinburg would lead to the commercial boom Pigeon Forge would experience in the latter half of the 20th century. First, Gatlinburg, itself surrounded by high mountain ridges, had limited land resources. [C. Brenden Martin, "Pigeon Forge, Tennessee," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 667.] Second, the land resources it did have were largely controlled by a few local families who thwarted attempts by outside businesses to take advantage of the town's prime location. Thus, outside entrepreneurs were forced to look elsewhere. Pigeon Forge, being just north of Gatlinburg along US-441, was the obvious target.

In 1961, shortly after Pigeon Forge officially incorporated, North Carolina brothers Grover and Harry Robbins opened Rebel Railroad in the town's Middle Creek area. The railroad simulated a ride on a Confederate steam train that was under attack by Union soldiers during the Civil War, playing upon the centennial of the war that was sweeping the country at the time. After the Union assault was beaten back, the railroad came to a stop at a mock-frontier mountain town, complete with blacksmith shop, general store, and saloon. By 1964, the Civil War Centennial was beginning to die down, so the Robbins brothers decided to rename Rebel Railroad Goldrush Junction. The attraction was reworked with a "Wild West" theme replacing the Civil War theme, in similar fashion to the Robbins' other tourist train ride in North Carolina, Tweetsie Railroad. Goldrush Junction was much more successful than Rebel Railroad had ever been, prompting the Robbins to buy a log flume amusement ride and erect it on the property in 1967. [Hollis, Tim. "Tweetsie and Dolly rush for the Gold." The Land of the Smokies: Great Mountain Memories. 1st ed. Jackson, MS: The University Press of Mississippi, 2007. 124-129.] According to a park tourist brochure of the time, the ride was "brought to Goldrush Junction from the New York World's Fair, where it was one of the most successful attractions." [Goldrush Junction tourist brochure.]

In 1969, after Pigeon Forge issued a zoning plan assigning the entire strip along US-441 for tourism use, Art Modell (owner of the Cleveland Browns) purchased Goldrush Junction. In 1976, Modell sold the Junction to the Herschend Brothers of Branson, Missouri. The Herschends renamed the park Silver Dollar City after their successful theme park in Branson. [C. Brenden Martin and Camille Wells, "Dollywood," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 639.] The Ozark mountain theme of the Branson location was easily reapplied as an Appalachian theme in Pigeon Forge, and the park's attendance began to climb.

In 1982, hoping the capitalize on the publicity generated by the Knoxville World's Fair, Pigeon Forge initiated an aggressive economic plan that centered around theme parks, outlet malls, and live music venues. The first outlet mall, Factory Merchants, opened that same year. By 1987, there were four outlet malls in Pigeon Forge, and by the early 1990s, outlet malls provided 44% of the town's gross revenue. [Margaret Foraker, "Economic Dependency and Tourism," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 640.]

The increasing number of tourist attractions brought competition for Silver Dollar City and its chief competitor in Pigeon Forge, Magic World, which had constructed a theme park on the slopes of Pine Mountain in the city's south section. In 1985, the Herschends approached entertainer Dolly Parton (who was born in nearby Sevierville) with a proposal for a partnership in the promotion and operation of Silver Dollar City. After lengthy negotiations, Parton became a minority partner in the enterprise, and Silver Dollar City was renamed Dollywood to kick off a major marketing campaign. The move proved successful as Dollywood continued expansion into the 21st century. [C. Brenden Martin and Camille Wells, "Dollywood," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 639.] Magic World folded in 1994.

While the commercial boom in Pigeon Forge vastly increased the town's revenue, it had several undesirable effects. As land value skyrocketed, many farmers could no longer afford the accompanying high property taxes and were forced to sell their land. The high cost of living in a resort town is difficult to offset with the low wage jobs that often accompany the tourist industry. [Margaret Foraker, "Economic Dependency and Tourism," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 640.]

Attractions and events

Attractions and events in Pigeon Forge include the Dollywood theme park, the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame, the award-winning Country Tonight Theatre, the Comedy Barn, the Miracle Theater, Dixie Stampede, other entertainment venues such as magician Terry Evanswood's theater where magic shows are presented, and seasonal events such as Winterfest. The Carbo's Police Museum, which is privately operated and not run by the Pigeon Forge Police Department, has been open since 1976. These attractions and the natural beauty of the area draw approximately 11 million visitors each year.

Car and truck shows

Pigeon Forge has become the southeast mecca for car and truck enthusiasts. The calendar of car and truck show events runs from April through September and has included the following:

* Spring Grand Rod Run
* Chevy/GMC Truck Nationals
* Hooter's GMC/Chevy Truckin' Nationals
* Annual Smoky Mountain Classic Chevy Roundup
* Great Smoky Mountain Truck Show
* Silver Dollar Open Rod Run
* Pontiac Car Club Show
* Camaro, Chevelle, Nova Nationals
* Cobra Mustang Club
* Shades of the Past Rod Run Show
* Fall Grand Rod Run
* Smoky Mountain Model-A Car Rally

Public services

Pigeon Forge Public Services employs over 300 people. [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/index.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ] The city government has convert|100|mi|km|-1 of water piping, 430 fire hydrants, 8 water tanks and 4 pump stations, [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/publicworks/publicutilities.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ] convert|84|mi|km|0 of publicly maintained streets and roads, [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/publicworks/street.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ] convert|65|mi|km|0 of sanitary sewers, [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/publicworks/waterplant.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ] and 182 automobiles. [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/publicworks/fleetmaintenance.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ]

The current mayor is Keith Whaley. [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cg/index.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ]

Mass transit

Pigeon Forge is served by a mass transit system of buses. The buses are referred to as "Fun Time Trolleys" due to their aesthetic resemblance to early-1900s trolleys. There are over 100 trolley stops. [http://www.pigeonforgetrolley.org/fares.html :: Pigeon Forge / Sevierville Fun Time trolley :: ] ]

Water plant

The Water Plant in Pigeon Forge can treat convert|12000000|U.S.gal|impgal L|lk=on of water per day. The city storage system holds convert|6650000|U.S.gal|impgal L| of water. The city supplies Gatlinburg with convert|1000000|U.S.gal|impgal L| of water per day. [ [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/cs/publicworks/waterplant.htm Pigeon Forge, TN ] ]

Parks and recreation

Pigeon Forge has two parks. Pigeon Forge City Park is an 18 acre park. It consists of: [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com/pdf/programguide.pdf Webpage.pub ] ]
*convert|1.25|mi|km|0 walking trail
*5 lighted softball/baseball fields
*2 asphalt basketball courts
*6 lighted tennis courts
*1 lighted volleyball court
*1 horseshoe pit
*2 lighted pavilions
*2 unlighted playgrounds
*2 concession stands
*1 outdoor swimming pool

Patriot Park covers 16 acres, and consists of:
* 1 lighted pavilion
* 1/2 mile (800 m) lighted walking trail
* 16 picnic tables
* 1 lighted Gazebo
* 18 park benches

References

External links

* [http://www.cityofpigeonforge.com City of Pigeon Forge municipal website]
* [http://www.mypigeonforge.com/winterfest-storytelling.asp Smoky Mountain Storytelling Festival] Annual storytelling festival in February