Maxwell Land Grant

The Maxwell Land Grant, also known as the Beaubien-Miranda Land Grant, was a 1,714,765-acre (6,939.41 km²) Mexican land grant in Colfax County, New Mexico and part of adjoining Las Animas County, Colorado. This land grant was one of the largest contiguous private landholdings in the history of the United States. The New Mexico towns of Cimarron, Colfax, Dawson, Elizabethtown, French, Lynn, Maxwell, Miami, Raton, Rayado, Springer, Ute Park and Vermejo Park, came to be located within the grant,^[1][2] as well as numerous other towns that are now ghost towns.^[3]

Early days

The lands covered in the Maxwell Land Grant were originally tribal lands belonging to Jicarilla Apache Indians.^[4] The region of northern New Mexico was claimed by Spain in 1524, but there were few settlements east of the Sangre de Cristo Range. In 1821, the government of Mexico was established, and the new government retained the Spanish policy of encouraging settlement by making land grants. Under Spanish rule, the laws governing land grants were vague and complicated. Mexico inherited this problem, and caused more complications by amending and repealing rules and regulations dealing with land grants. Since the policies were not consistent, there were many problems in confirming these grants^{[citation needed]}

Beaubien and Miranda

Carlos Beaubien was a French-Canadian trapper who became a Mexican citizen. His partner, Guadalupe Miranda was the secretary to Governor Manuel Armijo in Santa Fe. On January 8, 1841, Beaubien and Miranda petitioned Armijo for a land grant^[5]. They had to swear that they would colonize and cultivate the land. Three days later, Armijo granted them the land on the condition that they put it to good use. However, Beaubien and Miranda failed to prove up the grant for the next two years. On February 13, 1843, they asked the Justice of the Peace in Taos to sign an order promising them possession of the land. The justice affirmed that he had marked the boundaries of the grant and that Beaubien and Miranda were in full possession of the land grant.

Lucien B. Maxwell

Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell was a pioneer, explorer and adventurer who married Luz Beaubien, the daughter of Carlos Beaubien. Beaubien hired Maxwell to manage his interests, and Maxwell and his wife settled in Rayado, New Mexico in 1849. In 1860, Maxwell built a large home in Cimarron, a stop on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail.^[6]

There seems to be a discrepancy as to Lucien's middle name. A 1945 book lists it as Benjamin rather than Bonaparte.^[7]

Guadalupe Miranda, who was living in Mexico, sold his interest in the Grant to Maxwell. Carlos Beaubien died in 1864, and Maxwell bought out the other heirs to the property. By 1865, Maxwell and his wife were the sole owners of the entire land grant, and it was renamed the Maxwell Land Grant. In 1866, gold was discovered on Willow Creek in the Grant. There was a gold rush the following year, and many mining camps were established including Elizabethtown, New Mexico.^{[citation needed]}

English Control

In 1870, for reasons that are not clear, Maxwell decided to sell the Grant.^[8] A group of financiers, representing an English syndicate, purchased the Grant for a reported price of $1,350,000. Maxwell moved to Santa Fe, and then to Fort Sumner, where he died in 1875.^[9]

The new owners formed the Maxwell Land Grant and Railway Company. They attempted to remove the squatters from the Grant. Some of the squatters felt that they had Maxwell's unwritten permission to live on the Grant. Many people left, but some stayed and fought. This struggle between owners and squatters came to be called the Colfax County War. F.J. Tolby, a minister sympathetic to the squatters was murdered on September 14, 1875.

Dutch Control

The English company was bankrupt by 1874, and it went into foreclosure in 1879. A new group of owners from the Netherlands formed the Maxwell Land Grant Company installing future Senator and Secretary of War Stephen Benton Elkins as president.^[10] In 1885, the new owners convinced the Territorial Governor Lionel Allen Sheldon to use the National Guard to suppress the squatters. The proposed leader of the government forces was Jim Masterson, the brother of Bat Masterson. However, the governor disbanded the militia before it could go into action.^{[citation needed]}

Thanks to a variety of financial problems, and the Dutch company went bankrupt in 1888. In the early 1880s, the United States sued the company for making claims of lands in the Public Domain in Colorado. In 1887, this case reached the US Supreme Court, and was decided as United States v. Maxwell Land Grant Company. The court decision affirmed the company's ownership of the land. At this point, the settlers and squatters realized that they could not obtain good title to the land, and most of them left.^[11]

Early land sales

In 1867, Lucien Maxwell sold what he thought was a 1,000 acres (400 ha) homestead to J.B. Dawson. When Dawson had the land surveyed it turned out to be 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) underlain by coal. Phelps Dodge bought the Dawson homestead and underlying coal in 1906. The company named the town Dawson, New Mexico and it grew to have about 2000 people. There were famous mine disasters in Dawson in 1913 and 1923, resulting in a historic cemetery. Phelps Dodge closed the mine in 1950, and today Dawson is a ghost town.^{[citation needed]}

Colorado struggle and sale

The struggles over the grant continued, especially in the Colorado portion of the grant, where quite a bit of homesteading had taken place. On August 25, 1888, there was a violent incident at Stonewall, Colorado, in which several people were killed. The Maxwell Land Grant Company company continued to sue homesteaders, and in many cases made them pay for their homesteads a second time. In 1894, the US Supreme Court decided Russell v. Maxwell Land Grant Company, which completely rejected the homesteaders claims in favor of the company.

In 1901, the company sold the Colorado portion of the Grant to Colorado Fuel and Iron, a company owned by John Rockefeller. CF&I paid $50,000 in cash and $750,000 in bonds. CF&I also inherited the issues involved with the homesteaders, who were mostly in the Colorado portion of the grant.^{[citation needed]}

Vermejo Park and Valle Vidal

Many other sales of lands in the Grant took place in the early 1900s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1902, William Bartlett, a wealthy grain operator from Chicago bought 205,000 acres (830 km²) of the grant along the drainage of the Vermejo River. Under the agreement, he withheld part of the last payment until the Maxwell Land Grant Company evicted the last of the squatters. In his words, "They are given two years to get the Mexicans off and I hold back $10,000." Bartlett's Vermejo Park portion of the Grant has passed through several owners during the Twentieth Century. Pennzoil bought the Vermejo Park Ranch in 1973, and expanded its size. In 1982, Pennzoil donated a 100,000 acres (400 km²) portion of the ranch known as Valle Vidal to the US Government. This area is managed as a wilderness by the US Forest Service. In 1992, Ted Turner bought Vermejo Park Ranch (590,823 acres (2,390.98 km²) from Pennzoil. Ted Turner did not buy the mineral rights, so El Paso Corporation produces oil and gas on the Vermejo Park Ranch, while Ted Turner raises buffalo.

In 1905, the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Company acquired 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) of Grant land that it used mainly for coal production. Raton, New Mexico went through a boom as a coal town from about 1910 to 1920. Kaiser Steel took over the coal mining in 1955. The Kaiser Steel properties at York Canyon eventually became part of the Vermejo Park Ranch.^{[citation needed]}

Philmont

Beginning in 1922, Waite Phillips, an oilman from Tulsa, Oklahoma also assembled a block of land on the Maxwell Land Grant. Phillips bought over 300,000 acres (1,200 km²), and named his ranch Philmont. In two separate gifts in 1938 and 1941, Phillips donated 127,395 acres (515.55 km²) as a wilderness camping area for the Boy Scouts of America.

In 1963, Norton Clapp, an officer of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America, donated another piece of the Maxwell Land Grant to Philmont.^{[citation needed]} This was the Baldy Mountain mining area consisting of 10,098 acres (40.87 km²).^{[citation needed]}

Other important parcels

The Cimarron Canyon State Park extends along Cimarron Canyon from Eagle Nest Lake to Ute Park and along US Route 64. The park is part of the Colin Neblett State Wildlife Area, which consists of 33,116 acres (134.02 km²) acres of former Grant land. This area was purchased by the State of New Mexico in the early 1950s.

The Whittington Center, founded in 1973, is the largest shooting and hunting complex in the world. It is owned by the National Rifle Association, and covers 33,000 acres (130 km²) of the Maxwell Land Grant.^{[citation needed]}

Supreme Court cases

Five cases involving the land grant went to the United States Supreme Court:

• Maxwell Land-Grant Case, 121 U.S. 325 (1887) ^[12]
• Maxwell Land-Grant Case, 122 U.S. 365 (1887) ^[13]
• Interstate Land Co. v. Maxwell Land Grant Co., 139 U.S. 569 (1891)^[14]
• Maxwell Land Grant Co. v. Dawson, 151 U.S. 586 (1894) ^[15]
• Russell v. Maxwell Land Grant Co., 158 U.S. 253 (1895) ^[16]
• Thompson v. Maxwell Land Grant & R. Co., 168 U.S. 451 (1897)^[17]

References

1. ^ Chilton, Lance (1984) New Mexico: a new guide to the colorful state University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, page 301, ISBN 0-8263-0732-9
2. ^ Fugate, Francis L. and Roberta B. (1989) Roadside History of New Mexico Mountain Press, Missoula, Montana, p. 162, ISBN 0-87842-242-0
3. ^ Stanley, F. (1952) "Chapter Thirteen: Ghost Towns of the Grant" The Grant that Maxwell Bought World Press, Denver, Colorado, pages 205–230] OCLC 5868328
4. ^ Montoya, Maria E. (2002). Translating property: the Maxwell Land Grant and the conflict over land in the American West, 1840-1900. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 299. ISBN 0520227441. 
5. ^ Laurie, Karen P. (1976). "History of Vermejo Park". New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 27: 87–92. 
6. ^ Freiberger, Harriet (1999). Lucien Maxwell: villain or visionary. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press. pp. 160 p. ISBN 0865342865. 
7. ^ Marshall, James (1945). Santa Fe: The Railroad that Built and Empire. New York: Random House. pp. 160–161. 
8. ^ Keleher, William A. (1942). Maxwell Land Grant, a New Mexico item. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Rydal Press. pp. 168 p. ISBN 0520227441. 
9. ^ Murphy, Lawrence R. (1983). Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell: Napoleon of the Southwest. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 275 p. ISBN 0806118075. 
10. ^ http://www.sangres.com/history/maxwelllandgrant.htm.
11. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/121/325/case.html#365
12. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/121/325/case.html
13. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/122/365/case.html
14. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/139/569/case.html
15. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/151/586/case.html
16. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/158/253/case.html
17. ^ http://supreme.justia.com/us/158/451/case.html