Indian Grey Hornbill

Indian Grey Hornbill
Male feeding a female at nest (Wagah Border, India)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Ocyceros
Species:	O. birostris
Binomial name
Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786)
Synonyms
Lophoceros birostris Tockus birostris Ocyceros ginginianus Meniceros birostris

The Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) is a common hornbill found on the Indian subcontinent. It is mostly arboreal and is commonly sighted in pairs. They have grey feathers all over the body with a light grey or dull white belly. The horn is black or dark grey with a casque extending up to the point of curvature in the horn. They are one of the few hornbill species found within urban areas in many cities where they are able to make use of large avenue trees.

Description

An individual with a shorter casque, possibly a female

They are about 24 inches long. The upperparts are greyish brown and there is a slight trace of a pale supercilium. The ear coverts are darker. The flight feathers of the wing are dark brown and whitish tipped. The tail has a white tip and a dark subterminal band. They have a red iris and the eyelids have eyelashes. The casque is short and pointed.^[2] The male has a larger casque on a dark bill while the culmen and lower mandible are yellowish. The bare skin around the eye is dark in the male while it is sometimes pale reddish in females.^[3] The female has a more yellowish bill with black on the basal half and on the casque.^[4][5][6]

Distribution

The species is found mainly on the plains up to about 2000 feet. It is found from the foothills of the Himalayas southwards bounded on the west by the Indus system and the Gangetic delta on the east. It may make local movements in the drier western region. It is found even within cities that have old avenue trees.^[4] It is found mainly on the plains up to about 1400 m and does not overlap much with the Malabar Grey Hornbill of the Western Ghats.^[2][7]

Behaviour and ecology

A male

The call is a squealing call somewhat like that of a Black Kite. The flight is heavy and involves flapping interspersed with glides. They are found in pairs or small groups.^[2]

The nesting season is April to June and the clutch varies from one to five very symmetrical white eggs. Indian Grey Hornbills usually nest in tree hollows on tall trees. An existing hollow may be excavated further to suit. The female enters the nest hollow and seals the nest hole and leaves only a small vertical slit that the male uses to feed her. The nest entrance is sealed by the female using its excreta and mud-pellets supplied by the male. ^[8][9] While inside the nest, the female moults her flight feathers and incubates the eggs. The regrowth of the feathers in the female coincides with the maturity of the chicks at which point the nest is broken open.^[2][10][11]

A study at a nest near Mumbai noted that the key fruiting trees on which they fed were Streblus asper, Cansjera rheedii, Carissa carandas, Grewia tiliaefolia, Lannea coromandelica, Ficus spp., Sterculia urens and Securinega leucopyrus. They are also known to take molluscs, scorpions, insects, small birds (has been recorded removing and possibly preying on the chicks of Rose-ringed Parakeets^[12]) and reptiles in their diet^[13] They are known to feed on the fruits of Thevetia peruviana which are known to be toxic to many vertebrates.^[14]

They are almost completely arboreal and very rarely descend to the ground where they may pick up fallen fruits or dust bathe.^[15] They descend to the ground also to pick up mud pellets for sealing the nest cavity during the nesting period.^[16] They indulge in various social activities which include bill-grappling and aerial jousting.^[17]

• 

  From Uttarakhand, India

• 

  At nest (Wagah Border , India)

• 

  in Hyderabad, India.

• 

  in Hyderabad, India.

• 

  in Pune, India.

References

^[16] Charde, P., Kasambe, R., Pimplapure, A. & Tarar, J. L. (2011): Nest sanitation in Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris in Central India. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement No. 24: 65–67</ref> ^{[18] [19] [20]}.

1. ^ BirdLife International (2009). Ocyceros birostris. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 29 December 2009.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4 ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 306–307. ISBN 1406745766. http://www.archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n355/mode/2up. 
3. ^ Pittie, A. (2003). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 100 (1): 141–142. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 272–273. 
5. ^ Baker, ECS. Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4 (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 301–302. http://www.archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds4/BakerFBI4#page/n331/mode/1up. 
6. ^ Ali, S. & S. D. Ripley (1983). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 4. (2 ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. 
7. ^ Amladi,SR; Daniel,JC (1973). "Occurrence of the Common Grey Hornbill (Tockus birostris) in Bombay city". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 70 (2): 378–380. 
8. ^ Blanford, WT (1895). Fauna of British India. Birds Volume 3. Taylor and Francis, London. p. 141. http://www.archive.org/stream/birds00blangoog#page/n159/mode/1up/. 
9. ^ Hall,Eleanor Frances (1918). "Notes on the nidification of the Common Grey Hornbill (Lophoceros birostris)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25 (3): 503–505. 
10. ^ Finlay,JD (1929). "The nesting habits of the Northern Grey Hornbill Lophoceros birostris". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33 (2): 444–445. 
11. ^ Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian bird volume 3. R H Porter, London. pp. 74–76. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924000044994#page/n95/mode/2up. 
12. ^ Newnham,A (1911). "Hornbills devouring young Paroquets". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (1): 263–264. 
13. ^ Patil,Neelam; Chaturvedi,Naresh; Hegde,Vithoba (1997). "Food of Common Grey Hornbill Tockus birostris (Scopoli)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 94 (2): 408–411. 
14. ^ Neelakantan,KK (1953). "Common Grey Hornbill (Tockus birostris) eating fruits of the Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (3): 738. 
15. ^ Santharam,V (1990). "Common Grey Hornbill Tockus birostris (Scopoli) dust bathing". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87 (2): 300–301. 
16. ^ ^{a b} Charde, P., Kasambe, R. & Tarar, J.L. (2011): Breeding behaviour of Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris in Central India. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement No. 24: 59–64
17. ^ Kasambe, R., Charde, P. & Yosef, R. (2011): Aerial jousting and bill-grappling in Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris). Acta Ethologica. Vol.14. No.1. 13-15
18. ^ Kasambe, R., Charde, P. & Yosef, R. (2011): Aerial jousting and bill-grappling in Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris). Acta Ethologica. Vol.14. No.1. 13-15
19. ^ Kasambe, R., & Pimplapure, A. (2007): Communal foraging of Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris on leaves of Ailanthus excelsa tree. Zoos’ Print Journal22(12): 2939
20. ^ Kasambe, R., Charde, P., Tarar, J.L. (2010): Rescue and rehabilitation of Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) fledgling at Nagpur. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 50(5):71-71