Greenwood, Mississippi

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Greenwood, Mississippi
settlement_type = City
nickname = Cotton Capital of the World
motto =

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mapsize = 250px
map_caption = Location of Greenwood, Mississippi


mapsize1 =
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subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = United States
subdivision_type1 = State
subdivision_name1 = Mississippi
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Leflore
government_footnotes =
government_type =
leader_title =
leader_name =
leader_title1 =
leader_name1 =
established_title =
established_date =

unit_pref = Imperial
area_footnotes =
area_magnitude =
area_total_km2 = 24.7
area_land_km2 = 23.9
area_water_km2 = 0.8
area_total_sq_mi = 9.5
area_land_sq_mi = 9.2
area_water_sq_mi = 0.3

population_as_of = 2000
population_footnotes =
population_total = 18425
population_density_km2 = 771.4
population_density_sq_mi = 1997.8

timezone = Central (CST)
utc_offset = -6
timezone_DST = CDT
utc_offset_DST = -5
elevation_footnotes =
elevation_m = 40
elevation_ft = 131
latd = 33 |latm = 31 |lats = 7 |latNS = N
longd = 90 |longm = 11 |longs = 2 |longEW = W

postal_code_type = ZIP codes
postal_code = 38930, 38935
area_code = 662
blank_name = FIPS code
blank_info = 28-29340
blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
blank1_info = 0670714
website =
footnotes =

Greenwood is the county seat of Leflore County, Mississippi, United States,GR|6 located at the eastern edge of the Mississippi Delta approximately 96 miles north of Jackson, Mississippi and 130 miles south of Memphis, Tennessee. The population was 18,425 at the 2000 census. It is the principal city within the Greenwood Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Tallahatchie River and the Yalobusha River meet at Greenwood to form the Yazoo River.

History

The flood plain of the Mississippi River has long been an area rich in vegetation and wildlife, feeding off the Mississippi and its numerous tributaries. Long before Europeans migrated to America, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian nations settled in the Delta's marsh and swampland. In 1830 the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was signed by Choctaw Chief Greenwood Leflore, opening the swampland to European settlers.

The first settlement on the banks of the Yazoo River was a trading post founded by John Williams in 1830 and known as Williams Landing. The settlement quickly blossomed, and in 1844 was incorporated as "Greenwood," named after Chief Greenwood Leflore. Growing into a strong cotton market, the key to the city's success was based on its strategic location in the heart of the Delta; on the easternmost point of the alluvial plain and astride the Tallahatchie River and the Yazoo River. The city served as a shipping point to New Orleans, Louisiana, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Memphis, Tennessee and St. Louis, Missouri. Greenwood continued to prosper until the latter part of the American Civil War.

During that war, Greenwood played an important, if little-known, role in the famous Siege of Vicksburg. In early 1863, it was clear that the Union intended to attack the strategic port of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River. After failed attempts at a frontal assault of the city, General Ulysses S. Grant hatched a new plan to attack from the rear by way of the Tallahatchie and Yazoo Rivers. A hastily constructed Confederate fort was placed between the two rivers at Fort Pemberton. Here the Confederates met the oncoming Union flotilla with fierce resistance and the sinking of the paddle wheeler "Star of the West" in the channel of the Tallahatchie River, successfully stopping their advance. As a result, Grant abandoned the Yazoo Expedition and retreated north to the Mississippi River to assault Vicksburg by another route.

The end of the Civil War in the mid-1860s and the following year of Reconstruction severely diminished the cotton industry and crippled the city's previously thriving economy. Greenwood saw very little growth during these years of hardship.

The arrival of railroads in the 1880s saved the city – with two lines running to downtown Greenwood, close to the Yazoo River. Once again, Greenwood emerged as a prime shipping point for cotton. Downtown's Front Street bordering the Yazoo bustled with cotton factors and other related businesses, earning that section the name Cotton Row. The city continued to prosper in this way well into the 1940s.

From 1962 through 1964 Greenwood was a center of protests and voter registration strugges during the Civil Rights Movement. SNCC,
COFO, and the
MFDP were all active in Greenwood. During this period hundreds were arrested on nonviolent protests, civil rights activists were subjected to repeated violence, blacks were denied the right to vote, and economic retaliation was used against African-Americans who attempted to register to vote. [ [http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis62.htm#1962greenwood Mississippi Voter Registration — Greenwood] ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans] In the twenty-first century Greenwood is experiencing a cultural renaissance. Its historic downtown boasts dozens of completed renovations with several others in progress. There are upscale shops, unique dining experiences, a boutique hotel, galleries and museums. All the while, Greenwood has retained its small-town beauty, Delta personality and deep-South hospitality. (from the [http://www.gcvb.com/ Greenwood Convention and Visitor's Bureau] )

Tourism

The establishment of Greenwood as a tourist destination came with the revitalization of Howard Street in historic Downtown Greenwood.

Notable businesses that make their home on Howard Street include The Alluvian Hotel, The Alluvian Spa, The Viking Cooking School, The Mississippi Gift Company [http://www.TheMississippiGiftCompany.com] , Blue Parrot Restaurant and Veronica's Bakery, Olde World Antiques, Russell's Antiques, Turnrow Books, Matties, Sweet Pea, Fincher's Gifts, Traditions, Ashley's Rug World, The Cat Walk and several bank headquarters.

African-American heritage

The African-American contribution to the Greenwood region is invaluable. In fact, the Delta has exported as much music as cotton, sprouted from the spirit of the people. That spirit rose from historic neighborhoods such as Browning Community in Greenwood, the oldest African-American community in Mississippi, and home to the important Browning Artesian Well. The spirit was fed by the town and country churches, including the areas oldest African-American church, Wesley United Methodist in downtown Greenwood, organized in 1870. The spirit was shaped by centers of learning such as Mississippi Valley State University, which has borne generation of historic figures, from sports stars and Olympians to Civil Rights leader and present-day civic leaders.

Leflore County has produced extraordinary music stars, from the early bluesmen such as Mississippi John Hurt from nearby Teoc, Mississippi and Walter "Furry" Lewis to the talent of today including B.B. King, Hubert Sumlin and Denise LaSalle. Another famous blues musician, Robert Johnson, has three memorial gravestones in the Greenwood area. [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#13] In the area of sports, Greenwood native Willye White followed the advice of her father and found her future far outside the cotton fields as a five-time Olympian and a medalist.

Not all great African-Americans left the Delta. Others stayed and forged freedom a day at a time, through their own efforts. Noted Civil Rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. King held a rally in the summer of 1966, along with Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Floyd McKissick of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Sites such as East Percy Street Christian Church and the home of Dewey Greene were Civil Rights-era meeting places.

The Mississippi Delta is rich in the accomplishments of African-Americans who struggled, transcended, created, inspired and motivated. (from the [http://www.gcvb.com/ Greenwood Convention and Visitor's Bureau] )

Mississippi Blues Trail markers

Radio station WGRM on Howard Street was the location of B.B. King's first live broadcast in 1940. On a Sunday night King performed live gospel music. [cite web
url=http://www.atlantamagazine.com/uploadedFiles/Atlanta/Travel/November07%20Travel.pdf
title=Great Souther Getaways - Mississippi
publisher=www.atlantamagazine.com
accessdate=2008-05-31
last=Cloues
first=Kacey] In dedication to this event, the Mississippi Blues Trail has placed its third historic marker in this town at the site of the former radio station. [cite web
url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07025/756420-37.stm
title=Historical marker placed on Mississippi Blues Trail
publisher=Associated Press
accessdate=2007-02-09] [cite web
url=http://www.myvelodrome.org/NMI/Greenwood_Commonwealth_11.14.pdf
title=Film crew chronicles blues markers
publisher=The Greenwood Commonwealth
accessdate=2008-30-09] Another Mississippi Blues trail marker is placed near the grave of blues singer Robert Johnson. [cite web
url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=347773
title=JS Online: Blues trail
publisher=www.jsonline.com
accessdate=2008-05-29
last=Widen
first=Larry] There is also a Blues Trail marker at the Elks Lodge. [cite web
url=http://www.msbluestrail.org/blues_trail/
title=Mississippi Blues Commission - Blues Trail
publisher=www.msbluestrail.org
accessdate=2008-05-29]

Greenwood Culture

The small, yet rapidly growing, city of Greenwood, MS hosts many annual events. The numerous festivals, productions, parades, celebrations, and concerts all bring dazzling, spectacular, family fun that draws people from all over the world. From large religious organization events to the classy formal school homecoming coronations and parades, Greenwood prides itself on making these events bigger and better each year, often drawing international accolades. The list is extensive, but a few of the notable events are:

* First Presbyterian Church Singing Christmas Tree - December
* Roy Martin Delta Band Festival - December
* Holiday Open House - November
* Upstairs Downtown Loft Tour - November
* Art Alfresco - October
* Stars and Stripes in the Park - July
* River to the Rails Arts Festival - April

Famous Greenwoodians

* Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olympian
* Fred Carl, Jr., founder and CEO of Viking Range Corp. [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#9]
* William V. Chambers, personality psychologist
* Byron De La Beckwith, white supremacist, assassinated Civil Rights leader Medgar Evers
* Betty Everett, R&B vocalist and pianist
* Alphonso Ford, professional basketball player
* Webb Franklin, United States Congressman
* Morgan Freeman, Oscar-winning actor
* Jim Gallagher, Jr., professional golfer
* Bobbie Gentry, vocalist
* Gerald Glass, professional basketball player
* Guitar Slim, blues musician
* Kent Hull, professional football player
* Tom Hunley, real-life "Hambone" who was the origin of J.P. Alley's syndicated cartoon feature, "Hambone's Meditations"
* Mississippi John Hurt, songster and blues musician
* Robert Johnson [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#13] (musician), blues musician (presumed buried in Greenwood)
* Stephen LaVere, Grammy Award-winning record producer and music historian
* Walter "Furry" Lewis, songster and blues musician
* Bernie Machen, President of University of Florida
* Matt Miller, baseball pitcher
* Carrie Nye, actress
* Avanti Sharma, founder and CEO of [http://www.anokhifoundation.org The Anokhi Foundation]
* Mary Ann Pearce, first wife of novelist Mickey Spillane (who lived in Greenwood in 1945)
* John A. Pittman, Congressional Medal of Honor recipient
* Fenton Robinson, blues singer and guitarist
* Hubert Sumlin, blues guitarist
* Donna Tartt, novelist of "The Little Friend" (set in Mississippi), was born in Greenwood
* Willye White, Olympian
* Danton J. Thompson, Actor, Producer, Writer, Musician
* William Madison Whittington, United States Congressman (1925-1951)
* Cleo Lemon, Miami Dolphins Quarterback

Greenwood trivia

*Greenwood is one of the few places in the world where you can stand between two rivers flowing in the opposite direction: the Yazoo River [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#7] and the Tallahatchie River.
*Legend has it that the Leflore County Courthouse [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#12] in Greenwood stands on Choctaw land once used for rituals and sacraments.
*The City of Greenwood is named after Choctaw Indian Chief Greenwood Leflore, who negotiated the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with the U.S. Government.
*Cottonlandia Museum in Greenwood houses furniture from Chief Greenwood Leflore's mansion Malmaison, which was destroyed by fire in 1942.
*Greenwood known as the Cotton Capital of the World and boasts the second largest cotton exchange in the nation located on Cotton Row.
*The Tallahatchie River in Greenwood contains relics of the Union side-wheel steamship, Star of the West, sunk to prevent passage of the Union flotilla to Vicksburg.
*Walter "Furry" Lewis was born in Greenwood in March 1899 and became the first bluesman to record the bottleneck method of playing guitar.
*Keesler Bridge [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#10] [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#1] in Greenwood is a swing bridge of the Howe Truss design and a dedicated Mississippi landmark.
*Helen Keller gave a speech about happiness in Greenwood on March 29, 1916 Unfortunately she was unable to hear the applause.
*John Phillip Sousa conducted a concert in Greenwood in 1930.
*Robert Johnson [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#13] died and was buried just north of Greenwood in August 1938 and now has three memorial gravestones set across the county in his memory.
*B.B. King, King of the Blues, was born near Itta Bena at Berclair in Leflore County in 1925 and initiated his career in the mid-1940s on a broadcast over Greenwood's WGRM [then located at 222 Howard Street - upstairs (now home of the Greenwood Blues Heritage Museum & Gallery)] as guitarist for the St. John's Gospel Singers quartet from nearby Indianola.
*In 1944, "Time" covered the Greenwood Mule Race, attended by over 5,000 people.
*Academy Award-winning actor Morgan Freeman graduated from high school in Greenwood in 1955.
*Young Emmett Till's abduction from the home of relatives at Money, Mississippi (just north of Greenwood) and subsequent murder in August 1955 sparked the civil rights movement.
*Little Richard sang a song titled, "Greenwood, Mississippi" and William Eggleston captured his photograph "Greenwood, Mississippi, 1973" there.
*The movies "Home from the Hill" (1960), "The Streets of Greenwood" (1962), Ode to Billie Joe, The Reivers, Mississippi Masala, and The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag were filmed on location in Greenwood.
*Greenwood sites used in the filming of John Grisham's "The Chamber" include Webster's Restaurant where you can sit and eat steak and seafood on the same barstool as Chris O'Donnell.
*The largest Bible-binding plant in the nation is Norris Bookbinding located in Greenwood.

City government

Greenwood is governed by city council form of government composed of council members from seven wards and headed by a mayor.

Mayor

* Sheriel F. Perkins (D)

Council Members

* Ward 1: Johnny Jennings (R)
* Ward 2: John Lee (R)
* Ward 3: Ronnie Stevenson (D)
* Ward 4: Charles McCoy, Sr. (D)
* Ward 5: Tennill Cannon (D)
* Ward 6: David Jordan (D)
* Ward 7: Taylor Dillard (D)

Education

Post-Secondary Institutions

* Mississippi Valley State University – Greenwood Center ( [http://www.mvsu.edu] )
* Mississippi Delta Community College – Greenwood Branch ( [http://www.msdelta.edu] )

Greenwood Public Schools

* Greenwood High School
* Greenwood Middle School
* Threadgill Elementary School
* Davis Elemtary School
* W. C. Williams Elementary School
* Bankston Elementary School

Leflore County Schools:
* Amanda Elzy High School
* Amanda Elzy Elementary School
* East Middle School
* Leflore County High School
* Leflore County Elementary School
* Leflore County Middle School
* Claudine Brown Elementary School
* Rising Sun Elementary School

Private Schools
* Pillow Academy ( [http://www.pillowacademy.com] )
* New Delta Preparatory School

Parochial Schools
* St. Francis of Assisi

Media and publishing

Newspapers, Magazines and Journals

* The Greenwood Commonwealth (published daily except Saturday) ( [http://www.gwcommonwealth.com] )
* Leflore Illustrated (published yearly)

Television

* WABG, ABC Affiliate (Channel 6)( [http://www.wabg.com/] )
* WMAO-TV, PBS Affiliate (Channel 23)( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAO] )

AM/FM Radio

* WABG, 960 AM and 87.7 FM (ABC Broadcasting)
* WGNG, 106.3 FM (Classic rock)
* WGNL, 104.3 FM (Adult Contemporary/Blues)
* WGRM, 1240 AM & 93.9 FM (Gospel)
* WKXG, 1540 AM
* WMAO-FM, 90.9 FM (NPR Broadcasting)
* WYMX, 99.1 FM (Top 40/Popular Music)

Transportation

Railroads

Greenwood is served by two major rail lines. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Greenwood, connecting New Orleans to Chicago.

Air Transportation

Greenwood (GWO) is served by Greenwood-Leflore Airport to the east and is located midway between Jackson, Mississippi and Memphis, Tennessee and about halfway between Dallas, Texas and Atlanta, Georgia.

Highways

* U.S. Route 82 runs through Greenwood on its way from the White Sands of New Mexico (Alamogordo, New Mexico) east to Georgia's Atlantic coast (Brunswick, Georgia).
* U.S. Route 49 passes through Greenwood as it stretches between Piggott, Arkansas south to Gulfport, Mississippi.
* Other Greenwood highways include Mississippi Highway 7.

Employers

The largest employers in Leflore County are:
* Viking Range [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#9]
* Greenwood Leflore Hospital
* Greenwood Public Schools
* Mississippi Valley State University
* Heartland Catfish
* America's Catch Catfish
* [http://www.johnrichard.com/ John-Richard ]
* Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.
* J.J. Ferguson Sand and Gravel
* Staplcotn
* [http://www.laprico.com/ Lawrence Printing Co., Inc.]
* Raybestos

ites of interest

Museums and History

* Greenwood Blues Heritage Museum & Gallery
* Cottonlandia Museum
* Fort Pemberton and Star of the West

Historic Downtown

* The Mississippi Gift Company
* Three Deuces Building - 222 Howard Street
* Greenwood Blues Heritage Museum & Gallery
* Veronica's Custom Bakery
* Viking Range Corporate Headquarters [http://blackstone.carbonmade.com/projects/2027466#9]
* The Viking Cooking School
* The Viking Culinary Arts Center
* The Alluvian Hotel
* The Alluvian Spa
* Mockingbird Bakery
* Staplcotn Corporate Headquarters
* Cotton Row
* TurnRow Book Co.

Fine Dining

* Blue Parrot Cafe
* Crystal Grill
* Delta Fresh Market
* Flatland Grill
* Giardina's
* Greenwood Country Club
* Lusco's
* M&M Grocery
* Webster's
* Yianni's

Geography

Greenwood is located at coor dms|33|31|7|N|90|11|2|W|city (33.518719, -90.183883)GR|1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.5 square miles (24.7 km²), of which, 9.2 square miles (23.9 km²) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km²) of it is water. The total area is 3.15% water.

Demographics

As of the censusGR|2 of 2000, there were 18,425 people, 6,916 households, and 4,523 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,997.8 people per square mile (771.6/km²). There are 7,565 housing units at an average density of 316.8/km² (820.3/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 32.82% White, 65.36% Black, 0.11% Native American, 0.91% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.24% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.

There were 6,916 households out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.4% are married couples living together, 27.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the city the population was spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $21,867, and the median income for a family was $26,393. Males had a median income of $27,267 versus $18,578 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,461. 33.9% of the population and 28.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 47.0% of those under the age of 18 and 20.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Notes

Watch

* [http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/till/till.html Scenes of Greenwood in Rich Samuels' 1985 documentary, "The Murder and the Movement: The Story of the Murder of Emmett Till"]

External links

* [http://www.greenwoodms.com/ Greenwood Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.gcvb.com/ Greenwood Convention and Visitor's Bureau]
* [http://www.crmvet.org Civil Rights Movement Veterans]
* [http://www.TheMississippiGiftCompany.com/ The Mississippi Gift Company]
* [http://www.deltanewsonline.com Delta News Online: Hometown News For the Mississippi Delta]
* [http://www.glcedf.com/ Greenwood Leflore Carroll Economic Development Foundation]
* [http://www.visitthedelta.com/ Mississippi Delta Tourism Association]
* [http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/greenwood.htm History of Greenwood's Jewish community] (from the Institute of Southern Jewish Life)
* [http://www.gwcommonwealth.com/ "The Greenwood Commonwealth"]
* [http://www.thedeltadirt.com/ The Delta Dirt]
* [http://www.gwoairport.com/ Greenwood-Leflore Airport]
* [http://www.aboutgreenwoodms.com/ About Greenwood, Mississippi]
* [http://www.laprico.com/ Lawrence Printing Co., Inc.]