- Modular Airborne FireFighting System
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A MAFFS about to be loaded into a C-130 in North Carolina in 2008
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Glossary of wildfire termsThe Modular Airborne FireFighting System or MAFFS is a self-contained unit used for aerial firefighting that can be loaded onto a C-130 Hercules, a military cargo transport, which then allows the aircraft to be used as an air tanker against wildfires.[1] This allows the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to utilize military aircraft from the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to serve as an emergency backup resource to the civilian air tanker fleet.[1][2]
Contents
Development
Congress established the MAFFS program after the 1970 Laguna Fire overwhelmed the existing aviation firefighting resources.[2] The USFS was directed to develop a program in cooperation with the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to produce the equipment, training and operational procedures to integrate military air tankers into the national response system. The Engineered Systems Division of FMC Corporation (Santa Clara, CA) was contracted to design, build and test the modular tank system that would enable a standard C-130 to be quickly converted into a tanker. Initial flight tests with a prototype two-tank installation began in July 1971.[3] Subsequent systems were fabricated by Aero Union of Chico, California.
MAFFS drop over the Black Crater Fire in OregonThe MAFFS consists of a series of five pressurized fire retardant tanks with a total capacity of 2,700 US gallons (10,000 l; 2,200 imp gal) and associated equipment which is palletized and carried in the aircraft's cargo bay.[2] In addition to the retardant tanks, each module contains a pressure tank where compressed air is stored at 1200 psi. The control module includes the master control panel, the loadmaster's seat, and discharge valves. An air compressor module provides air pressure for charging the system; it stays at the airtanker base during air operations and is used to recharge the system between runs. Each unit weighs about 11,000 pounds (5,000 kg). It can be installed in any C-130-E or -H equipped with the USAF 463L cargo-handling system.[1]
Air tankers are categorized by their retardant capacity, and although the MAFFS capacity is just under 3,000 US gallons (11,000 l; 2,500 imp gal), a MAFFS C-130 is considered a Type 1 air tanker, which is the largest class.[4][5] Retardant exits through two tubes which extend out the plane's aft cargo bay doors. The system can disperse all 2,700 gallons in five seconds over a fire, producing a fire line that is 60 feet (18 m) wide and a quarter mile long. It can then be reloaded in eight minutes.[1][2]
MAFFS II
A MAFFS II tank on display in 2008Aero Union, under contract to the USFS, has developed an improved version of the system, known as the MAFFS II. The new system has a capacity of up to 3,400 US gallons (13,000 l; 2,800 imp gal), replacing the five retardant tanks with one large tank, and has an on-board air compressor. The original MAFFS has to be pressurized by a compressor on the ground as a part of the loading process. The ability to pressurize the system in the air cuts turn-around time significatly.[6] The new system discharges the retardant through a special plug in the paratroop drop door on the side of the aircraft, rather than requiring the cargo ramp door to be opened; this allows the aircraft to remain pressurized during the drop sequence.[7]
Aero Union delivered the first production unit to the USFS in July 2007, and was flight tested during August.[7] MAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010, [8] using the latest generation Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules aircraft. [9] The 146th Airlift Wing was the first to transition to the MAFFS 2 system in 2008, and it remains the only unit flying the new system on the C-130J aircraft [10]
Operations
A drop as seen from the back of a 302nd Airlift Wing C-130MAFFS equipment is stationed at eight locations around the country. They are considered a "24-hour resource", meaning that when activated, it is expected that it will take 24 hours for the aircraft to arrive on scene, as the C-130s have to be pulled from their regular military duties and fitted with the MAFFS equipment.[11] When needed, regional foresters can request a MAFFS activation after they have ascertained that all available commercial air tankers are assigned to on-going incidents or committed to an initial attack.[12] The National Interagency Coordination Center at the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), Boise, Idaho, can activate the MAFFS when all other contract airtankers are committed to incidents or initial attack or are otherwise unable to meet requests for air operations. The request for MAFFS activation is approved by the national MAFFS liaison officer, who is the Forest Service director at NIFC. This request is then forwarded to the joint director of military support at the Pentagon. Governors of states where National Guard MAFFS units are stationed may activate MAFFS for missions within their state boundaries when covered by a memorandum of understanding with the military authority and the Forest Service.[1]
A MAFFS-equipped Air National Guard C-130 Hercules drops fire retardant on wildfires in southern CaliforniaDuring the 1994 fire season, one of the worst that decade, the four airlift wings equipped with MAFFS flew nearly 2,000 missions and dropped 51,000,000 pounds (23,000,000 kg) of retardant.[13] In 2004, after all the large civilian tankers in the U.S. had been grounded due to safety concerns, MAFFS-equipped C-130s were pre-positioned in western states in anticipation of wildfires.[14] Besides use on U.S. fires, MAFFS has been deployed to Europe, Africa and Indonesia. International deployment is initiated by a foreign government's request through the U.S. State Department.[12]
The military is reimbursed for the cost of operating MAFFS flights by the agency having jurisdiction over the fire.[11]
MAFFS is in use in the Brazilian Air Force and the Royal Thai Air Force C-130.
Training
C-130 training to fight wildfires at the 302d Airlift WingMAFFS crews are trained every year with USFS aviation operations personnel. The training is coordinated with the Air Force Reserve's 302d Airlift Wing at Colorado's Peterson Air Force Base, the Air National Guard's 153d Airlift Wing from Cheyenne, Wyoming, the 146th Airlift Wing from Port Hueneme, California, and the 145th Airlift Wing from Charlotte, North Carolina.
In January 2010, a mobile training team from the 302d Airlift Wing at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado deployed to Thailand to train members of the 601 Transport Squadron at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base in the use of MAFFS.
References
- ^ a b c d e MAFFS system description, U.S. Forest Service web site
- ^ a b c d "Modular Airborne FireFighting Systems", U.S. Forest Service web site
- ^ Francillon 1993, pp. 73–74.
- ^ "Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007, Chapter 17" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928013524/http://www.nifc.gov/red_book/2007/Chapter17.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ Air tanker listing by type, from Associated Airtanker Pilots website
- ^ MAFFS 2 information from USFS
- ^ a b Aero Union press release, July 27, 2007
- ^ http://wildfiretoday.com/2010/07/16/new-maffs-ii-used-for-first-time-on-a-fire/
- ^ http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2010/07/071610-Fires.aspx
- ^ http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2010/07/071610-Fires.aspx
- ^ a b California Department of Forestry MAFFS information
- ^ a b MAFFS policy and responsibilities
- ^ 146th Airlift Wing MAFFS information
- ^ "Firefighting aircraft deploy to Arizona", USAF press release, 2004-05-25
- Francillon, René J. "Volant Forest: Fire-fighting MAFFS Herks". Air International, August 1993, Vol 45 No 2. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. pp. 73–78. ISSN 0306-5634.
External links
- Western Fires!: Reserve, Air Guard C-130s help fight California forest fires, USAF article
- 302nd Airlift Wing MAFFS photo gallery
- MAFFS fact sheet from CDF
- 302d Airlift Wing MAFFS in Thailand Feature
See also
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture.Categories:- Aerial firefighting
- Firefighting equipment
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