Brown-headed Honeyeater

Brown-headed Honeyeater
Juvenile
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Meliphagidae
Genus:	Melithreptus
Species:	M. brevirostris
Binomial name
Melithreptus brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
Distribution of the Brown-headed Honeyeater. Adapted from Atlas of Living Australia Data

The Brown-headed Honeyeater (Melithreptus brevirostris) is a species of passerine bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.

The Brown-headed Honeyeater was first described by Vigors & Horsfield in 1827. Its species name is derived from the Latin terms brevis "short", and rostrum "beak". Five subspecies have been described. The race magnirostris from Kangaroo Island has a noticeably larger bill.^[1]

It is a member of the genus Melithreptus with several species, of similar size and all black-headed apart from this species, in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. Molecular markers show the Brown-headed Honeyeater is most closely related to the Black-chinned Honeyeater, with the Strong-billed Honeyeater an earlier offshoot between 6.7 and 3.4 million years ago.^[2]

A small honeyeater ranging from 13 to 15 cm (5.2–6 in) in length, it is olive brown above and buff below, with a brown head, nape and throat, with a cream or orange patch of bare skin over the eye and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. The legs and feet are orange. It makes a scratchy chwik-chwik-chwik call.^[3]

The Brown-headed Honeyeater ranges from central-southern Queensland, down through central and eastern New South Wales (though generally west of the Great Dividing Range), across Victoria and into eastern South Australia, where it is found in the Flinders Ranges and around the lower Murray River region. It occurs in southern Western Australia.^[3]

Insects form the bulk of the diet, and like its close relatives the Black-chinned and Strong-billed Honeyeaters, the Brown-headed Honeyeater forages by probing in bark of trunks and branches of trees.^[2]

Brown-headed honeyeaters may nest from July to December, breeding once or twice during this time. The nest is a thick-walled bowl of grasses and bits of bark lined with softer plant material hidden in the outer foliage of a tall tree, usually a eucalypt. Two or three eggs are laid, 16 x 13 mm and shiny buff-pink sparsely spotted with red-brown (more on larger end).^[4]

References

1. ^ Keast, Allen (1968). "Competitive Interactions and the Evolution of Ecological Niches as Illustrated by the Australian Honeyeater Genus Melithreptus (Meliphagidae)". Evolution 22 (4): 762–84. doi:10.2307/2406902. JSTOR 2406902. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Toon A, Hughes JM, Joseph L (2010). "Multilocus analysis of honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) highlights spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the influence of biogeographic barriers in the Australian monsoonal zone". Molecular Ecology 19 (14): 2980–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04730.x. PMID 20609078. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Brown-headed Honeyeater". Birds in Backyards. Birds Australia. 1 December 2005. http://birdsinbackyards.net/species/Melithreptus-brevirostris. Retrieved 23 July 2010. 
4. ^ Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 315. ISBN 0-646-42798-9. 

• BirdLife International 2004. Melithreptus brevirostris. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 26 July 2007.