Honeyeater

Honeyeater
Honeyeaters
Female Crescent Honeyeater, Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Superfamily: Meliphagoidea
Family: Meliphagidae
Vigors, 1825
Genera[3]

The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea, but also found in New Zealand, the Pacific islands as far east as Samoa and Tonga, and the islands to the north and west of New Guinea known as Wallacea. Bali, on the other side of the Wallace Line, has a single species.

Honeyeaters and the Australian chats make up the family Meliphagidae. In total there are 182 species in 42 genera, roughly half of them native to Australia, many of the remainder occupying New Guinea. With their closest relatives, the Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens), Pardalotidae (pardalotes), and Acanthizidae (thornbills, Australian warblers, scrubwrens, etc.) they comprise the superfamily Meliphagoidea and originated early in the evolutionary history of the oscine passerine radiation.[4]

Although honeyeaters look and behave very much like other nectar-feeding passerines around the world (such as the sunbirds and flowerpeckers), they are unrelated, and the similarities are the consequence of convergent evolution.

The extent of the evolutionary partnership between honeyeaters and Australasian flowering plants is unknown, but probably substantial. A great many Australian plants are fertilised by honeyeaters, particularly the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Epacridaceae. It is known that the honeyeaters are important in New Zealand as well, and assumed that the same applies in other areas.

Contents

Characteristics

A female Eastern Spinebill feeding. Honeyeaters typically hang from branches while feeding on nectar.

Unlike the hummingbirds of America, honeyeaters do not have extensive adaptations for hovering flight, though smaller members of the family do hover hummingbird-style to collect nectar from time to time. In general, honeyeaters prefer to flit quickly from perch to perch in the outer foliage, stretching up or sideways or hanging upside down at need. Many genera have a highly developed brush-tipped tongue, longer in some species than others, frayed and fringed with bristles which soak up liquids readily. The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower, the upper mandible then compressing any liquid out when the bill is closed. These birds are one of only a few birds in the world that can fly backwards. This is because of their special wings.

In addition to nectar, all or nearly all honeyeaters take insects and other small creatures, usually by hawking, sometimes by gleaning. A few of the larger species, notably the White-eared Honeyeater, and the Strong-billed Honeyeater of Tasmania, probe under bark for insects and other morsels. Many species supplement their diets with a little fruit, and a small number eat considerable amounts of fruit,[5] particularly in tropical rainforests and, oddly, in semi-arid scrubland. The Painted Honeyeater is a mistletoe specialist. Most, however, exist on a diet of nectar supplemented by varying quantities of insects. In general, the honeyeaters with long, fine bills are more nectarivorous, the shorter-billed species less so, but even specialised nectar eaters like the spinebills take extra insects to add protein to their diet when they are breeding.

The movements of honeyeaters are poorly understood. Most are at least partially mobile but many movements seem to be local, possibly between favourite haunts as the conditions change. Fluctuations in local abundance are common, but the small number of definitely migratory honeyeater species aside, the reasons are yet to be discovered. Many follow the flowering of favourite food plants. Arid zone species appear to travel further and less predictably than those of the more fertile areas. It seems probable that no single explanation will emerge: the general rule for honeyeater movements is that there is no general rule.

Changes in classification

The genera Cleptornis and Apalopteron (Bonin Honeyeater), formerly treated in the Meliphagidae, have recently been transferred to the Zosteropidae on genetic evidence. The genus Notiomystis (New Zealand Stitchbird), formerly classified in the Meliphagidae, has recently been removed to the newly-erected Notiomystidae of which it is the only member.[6] The "Macgregor's bird-of-paradise," historically considered a bird of paradise (Paradisaeidae), was recently found to be a honeyeater.[7] It is now known as "Macgregor's Giant Honeyeater" and is classified in the Meliphagidae.

The Wattled Smoky Honeyeater (Melipotes carolae), described in 2007, has been discovered in December 2005 in the Foja Mountains of Papua, Indonesia.[1]

In 2008, a study that included molecular phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens in the genera Moho and Chaetoptila, both extinct genera endemic to the Hawaiian islands, argued that these five species were not members of the Meliphagidae and instead belong to their own distinct family, the Mohoidae.[8]

See also

  • List of honeyeaters

References

  1. ^ a b Recent molecular phylogenetic work by Driskell & Christidis 2004, indicates this genus is non-monophyletic and will undergo taxonomic revision in the near future.
  2. ^ Recent molecular phylogenetic work by Driskell & Christidis 2004, indicates Xanthomyza phrygia is contained within the genus Anthochaera and this species will be listed as Anthochaera phrygia in the next species list of Australian birds (L. Christids, pers. comm.)
  3. ^ as listed in Sibley & Monroe 1990
  4. ^ Barker et al. 2004
  5. ^ Lindsey, Terence (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 208. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  6. ^ Driskell et al. 2007
  7. ^ Cracraft & Feinstein 2000
  8. ^ Fleischer RC, James HF, and Olson SL. (2008). Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors. Current Biology, 18(24): 1927-1931.
  • Barker, F.K., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Feinstein, J., and Cracraft, J. (2004). Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 101 11040-11045.
  • Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Monograph 2. Melbourne: RAOU. ISBN 1875122060.
  • Cracraft, J. and Feinstein, J. (2000). What is not a bird of paradise? Molecular and morphological evidence places Macgregoria in the Meliphagidae and the Cnemophilinae near the base of the corvoid tree. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B 267 233-241.
  • Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. and Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422 (Epthianura and Ashbyia only)
  • Driskell, A.C. and Christidis, L. (2004). Phylogeny and evolution of the Australo-Papuan honeyeaters (Passeriformes, Meliphagidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 943–960.
  • Driskell, A.C., Christidis, L., Gill, B., Boles, W.E., Barker, F.K., and Longmore, N.W. (2007). A new endemic family of New Zealand passerine birds: adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot. Australian Journal of Zoology 55 1-6.
  • Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. Jr. (1990). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300049692.

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • honeyeater — [hun′ē ēt΄ər] n. any of a large family (Meliphagidae) of Australasian passerine birds with a long, brushlike tongue that can be protruded to catch insects or draw nectar from flowers * * * hon·ey·eat·er (hŭnʹē ē tər) n. Any of various birds of… …   Universalium

  • honeyeater — [hun′ē ēt΄ər] n. any of a large family (Meliphagidae) of Australasian passerine birds with a long, brushlike tongue that can be protruded to catch insects or draw nectar from flowers …   English World dictionary

  • Honeyeater Cottage — (Seville,Австралия) Категория отеля: Адрес: 40 Old Beenak Road, Yellingbo, 3139 …   Каталог отелей

  • honeyeater — noun Date: 1822 any of a family (Meliphagidae) of oscine birds chiefly of the South Pacific that have a long extensible tongue adapted for extracting nectar and small insects from flowers …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • honeyeater — noun Any of various Australasian birds, of the family Meliphagidae, that have a tongue adapted for obtaining nectar from flowers …   Wiktionary

  • honeyeater — noun an Australasian songbird with a long brush like tongue for feeding on nectar. [Family Meliphagidae: numerous species.] …   English new terms dictionary

  • honeyeater — /ˈhʌniˌitə / (say hunee.eetuh) noun any of numerous birds constituting the family Meliphagidae, chiefly of Australasia, with a bill and tongue adapted for extracting the nectar from flowers …  

  • honeyeater — honˈeyeater noun Any bird of a large Australian family, the Meliphagidae, which feeds on nectar • • • Main Entry: ↑honey …   Useful english dictionary

  • Crescent Honeyeater — Male (above) and female (below) …   Wikipedia

  • Black Honeyeater — A male on a Jacaranda …   Wikipedia

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