1890 Manifesto

Mormonism and polygamy
Members of Joseph F. Smith's family, including his sons and daughters, as well as their spouses and children, circa 1900.
Background Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy Late 19th century Mormon polygamy Modern Latter Day Saint polygamy 1890 Manifesto Second Manifesto (1904) Mormon fundamentalism
Prominent practitioners Joseph Smith, Jr. Joseph Smith's wives Brigham Young Brigham Young's wives List of Mormon polygamists FLDS Church
Related legislation Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act Poland Act Edmunds Act Edmunds-Tucker Act
Related case law Reynolds v. United States LDS Church v. United States
Related articles Celestial marriage Spiritual wifery Polygamy in the United States History of civil marriage in the U.S. Freedom of religion in the U.S.
v · d · e

See also: Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late 19th century

The "1890 Manifesto", sometimes simply called "The Manifesto", is a statement which officially disavowed the continuing practice of plural marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Issued by church president Wilford Woodruff in September 1890, the Manifesto was a response to mounting anti-polygamy pressure from the United States Congress, which by 1890 had disincorporated the church, escheated its assets to the U.S. federal government, and imprisoned many prominent polygamist Mormons.

The Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the history of the LDS Church. It officially prohibited church members from entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, and made it possible for Utah to become a U.S. state. Nevertheless, even after the Manifesto the church quietly continued to perform a small number of plural marriages in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, thus necessitating a Second Manifesto during U.S. congressional hearings in 1904. Though neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early 1900s.^{[citation needed]} The Manifesto was canonized in the LDS Church Standard Works as Official Declaration—1 and is considered by mainstream Mormons to have been prompted by divine revelation, which is disputed by Mormon fundamentalists.

Background

The Manifesto was issued in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the federal government of the United States, and most especially the Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887. This law disincorporated the LDS Church and authorized the federal government to seize all of the church’s assets. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States.^[1]

In April 1889, Woodruff, then president of the church, began privately refusing the permission that was required to contract new plural marriages.^[2] In October 1889, Woodruff publicly admitted that he was no longer approving new polygamous marriages, and in answer to a reporter's question of what the LDS Church's attitude was toward the law against polygamy, Woodruff stated, "we mean to obey it. We have no thought of evading it or ignoring it."^[3] Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws, Woodruff's statement was a signal that a change in church policy was developing.^[4]

In February 1890, the Supreme Court had already ruled in Davis v. Beason^[5] that a law in Idaho Territory which disenfranchised individuals who practiced or believed in plural marriage was constitutional.^[6] That decision left the Mormons no further legal recourse to their current marriage practices and made it unlikely that without change Utah Territory would be granted statehood.

Woodruff later said that on the night of September 23, 1890, he received a revelation from Jesus Christ that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage.^[7] The following morning he reported this to some of the general authorities and placed the hand-written draft on a table. George Reynolds would later recount that he, Charles W. Penrose, and John R. Winder modified Woodruff's draft into the current language accepted by the general authorities and presented to the church as a whole.^[8] Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned Deseret Weekly in Salt Lake City.^[9] On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semiannual General Conference of the church, the Manifesto was formally accepted by the church membership.

When Utah applied for statehood again, it was granted on January 4, 1896. One of the conditions for granting Utah and other western territories statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution.

The Manifesto

The Manifesto, issued by Wilford Woodruff, states:

"To Whom It May Concern:

"Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

"I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

"One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

"Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I heareby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

"There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

"WILFORD WOODRUFF [signed]

"President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."^[10]

Formal acceptance by the LDS Church

"President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

"'I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding.'

"The vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous.

"Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 1890."^[10]

New plural marriages vs. existing plural marriages

The Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, and plural marriages continued to be performed in locations where it was believed to be legal. As Woodruff explained at the general conference where the Manifesto was accepted by the church, "[t]his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and children. This you cannot do in honor."^[11] Despite Woodruff's explanation, some church leaders and members who were polygamous did begin to live with only one wife.^[12] However, the majority of Mormon polygamists continued to cohabit with their plural wives in violation of the Edmunds–Tucker Act.^[13]

Aftermath and post-Manifesto plural marriage

Within six years of the announcement of the Manifesto, Utah had become a state and federal prosecution of Mormon polygamists subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat representatives-elect who were polygamists, including B. H. Roberts.^[14]

D. Michael Quinn and other Mormon historians have documented that some church apostles covertly sanctioned plural marriages after the Manifesto. This practice was especially prevalent in Mexico and Canada because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those jurisdictions.^[15] However, a significant minority were performed in Utah and other western American states and territories. The estimates of the number of post-Manifesto plural marriages performed range from scores to thousands, with the actual figure probably close to 250.^[16] Today, the LDS Church officially acknowledges that although the Manifesto "officially ceased" the practice of plural marriage in the church, "the ending of the practice after the Manifesto was ... gradual."^[17]

Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced and began to be examined by Congress in the Reed Smoot hearings. In response, church president Joseph F. Smith issued a "Second Manifesto" in 1904 which reaffirmed the church's opposition to the creation of new plural marriages and threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into or solemnize new plural marriages. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley both resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles due to disagreement with the church’s position on plural marriage.^[18] Plural marriage in violation of local law continues to be grounds for excommunication from the LDS Church.^[19]

The gradual cessation of plural marriage within LDS Church gave rise to the Mormon fundamentalist movement.^{[citation needed]}

Evolution of Latter-day Saint views on the Manifesto

The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church, and its text appears in the Doctrine and Covenants, one of the church's books of scripture. However, when the Manifesto was issued, it was not apparent that Woodruff or the other leaders of the LDS Church viewed it as the result of a divine revelation.^[20] Approximately one year after he declared the Manifesto, Woodruff began to claim that he had received instructions from Jesus Christ that formed the basis of what he wrote in the text of the Manifesto.^[7] These instructions were reportedly accompanied by a vision of what would occur if the Manifesto were not issued.^[7]

Following Woodruff's death in 1898, other church leaders began to teach that the Manifesto was the result of a revelation of God.^[21] Since that time, church leaders have consistently taught that the Manifesto was inspired of God.^[22][23][24] In 1908, the Manifesto was printed in the LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants for the first time, and it has been included in every edition since. A non-Mormon observer of the church has stated that "[t]here is no question that, from a doctrinal standpoint, President Woodruff's Manifesto now has comparable status with [Joseph Smith's] revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants".^[25] The Manifesto is currently published as "Official Declaration—1" in the Doctrine and Covenants.

See also

1831 polygamy revelation 1843 polygamy revelation Group marriage Joseph Smith, Jr. and polygamy List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage Polyandry Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement

Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act (1862) Poland Act (1874) Reynolds v. United States (1879) Edmunds Act (1882) History of civil marriage in the U.S. Endowment House George Reynolds

Notes

1. ^ 136 U.S. 1 (1890).
2. ^ Richard S. Van Wagoner (1989, 2d ed.). Mormon Polygamy: A History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 135.
3. ^ Salt Lake Herald, 1889-10-27, quoted in Richard S. Van Wagoner (1989, 2d ed.). Mormon Polygamy: A History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 136.
4. ^ Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 62–63.
5. ^ 133 U.S. 333 (1890).
6. ^ Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 63–64.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Remarks of Wilford Woodruff at Cache Stake Conference, Logan, Utah, 1891-11-01; reported at Wilford Woodruff, "Remarks", Deseret Weekly (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1891-11-14; excerpts reprinted in LDS Church, "Official Declaration—1", Doctrine and Covenants.
8. ^ Proceedings Before the Committee On Privileges and Elections of the United States Senate in the Matter of The Protests Against the Right of Hon. Reed Smoot, a Senator From the State of Utah, To Hold His Seat. Volume II, pp. 52-53
9. ^ Wilford Woodruff, "Official Declaration", Deseret Weekly (Salt Lake City) 41:476 (1890-09-25).
10. ^ ^{a b} LDS Church, Official Declaration — 1, Doctrine and Covenants.
11. ^ Diary entry of Marriner W. Merrill, 1890-10-06 (LDS Church archives), cited in B. Carmon Hardy (1992). Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 141.
12. ^ Lorenzo Snow, who would succeed Woodruff as president of the church, was one such leader.
13. ^ Kenneth L. Cannon II, "Beyond the Manifesto: Polygamous Cohabitation among LDS General Authorities after 1890", Utah Historical Quarterly 46:24 (1978).
14. ^ Kathleen Flake (2003). The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-5501-4).
15. ^ Numerous marriages also were performed in international waters on the high seas.
16. ^ B. Carmon Hardy (1992). Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 167–335 and appendix II.
17. ^ LDS Church, Gospel Topics: Polygamy (Plural Marriage) (accessed 2011-05-27).
18. ^ Victor W. Jorgensen and B. Carmon Hardy, "The Taylor-Cowley Affair and the Watershed of Mormon History", Utah Historical Quarterly 48:4 (1980).
19. ^ LDS Church (2010). Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops. (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church) p. 57.
20. ^ B. Carmon Hardy (1992). Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 146–152.
21. ^ See, e.g., Discourse delivered by Lorenzo Snow at St. George, Utah on 1899-05-03, published as Lorenzo Snow, "Discourse", Millennial Star, vol. 61, no. 34 pp. 529–533 at p. 532 (1899-08-24), reprinted in Lorenzo Snow (1998, Clyde J. Williams ed.). The Teachings of Lorenzo Snow: Fifth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) pp. 192–193.
22. ^ John A. Widtsoe (1943). Evidences and Reconciliations: Aids to Faith in a Modern Day (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 89.
23. ^ Joseph Fielding Smith (1922) (24th ed., 1971). Essentials in Church History: A History of the Church from the Birth of Joseph Smith to the Present Time (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) pp. 493–494.
24. ^ Spencer W. Kimball (1998, Edward L. Kimball ed.). The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball: Twelfth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) pp. 447–448.
25. ^ Jan Shipps (1985). Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 114.

References

• Quinn, D. Michael (1997). The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-060-4
• B. Carmon Hardy Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage; University of Illinois Press; ISBN 0-252-01833-8; (hardcover)

External links

• Official Declaration—1: Full text of the Manifesto and other background statements from LDS Church Doctrine and Covenants
• The Manifesto of 1890 — article from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism
• Plural Marriages After The 1890 Manifesto — essay by Quinn