- Grande Dixence Dam
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Grande Dixence Dam 
Location of Grande Dixence Dam
Location Hérémence, Switzerland Coordinates 46°04′50″N 07°24′14″E / 46.08056°N 7.40389°ECoordinates: 46°04′50″N 07°24′14″E / 46.08056°N 7.40389°E Status In use Construction began 1953 Opening date 1964 Dam and spillways Type of dam Gravity dam Height 285 m (935 ft) Length 700 m (2,297 ft) Base width 200 m (656 ft) Volume 6,000,000 m3 (210,000,000 cu ft) Impounds Dixence River Reservoir Creates Lac des Dix Capacity 400,000,000 m3 (320,000 acre·ft) Catchment area 46 km2 (18 sq mi) Surface area 4 km2 (2 sq mi) Max. water depth 284 m (932 ft) Power station Commission date 1965 Installed capacity 2,069 MW Annual generation 2,000 GWh The Grande Dixence Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Dixence River at the head of the Val d'Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. At 285 m (935 ft) high, it is the tallest gravity dam in the world and is part of the Cleuson-Dixence Complex. With the primary purpose of hydroelectric power generation, the dam fuels four power stations, totaling the installed capacity to 2,069 MW, generating approximately 2,000 GWh annually, enough to power 400,000 Swiss households.
The dam withholds Lac des Dix (Lake Dix), its reservoir. The reservoir receives its water from four different pumping stations; the Z’Mutt, Stafel, Ferpècle and Arolla. At peak capacity, it contains approximately 400,000,000 m3 (1.4×1010 cu ft) of water, with depths reaching up to 284 m (932 ft).[1] Construction on the dam began in 1950 and was completed in 1964, before officially commissioning in 1965.
Contents
History
The Grande Dixence Dam in 2004, facing west
In 1922, Energie Ouest Suisse (EOS) became established with a few small power stations. To generate substantial amount of electricity, EOS looked to the Valais canton which contains 56% of Switzerland's glaciers and stores the largest amount of water in Europe. In 1927, EOS acquired the license for the upper Dixence basin. In 1929, 1,200 workers constructed the first Dixence dam which would be complete in 1935. The first dam would supply water to the Chandoline Power Station which has a capacity of 120 MW.[2]
After the Second World War, growing industries needed electricity and construction on the Cleuson Dam began in 1947 and was completed in 1951. Plans for the Super Dixence Dam were now being finalized by the recently founded company, Grande Dixence SA. Construction on the Super Dixence Dam soon began later in 1950. By 1964, 3,000 workers had finished pouring 6,000,000 m3 (210,000,000 cu ft) of concrete, completing the dam. The original Dixence dam was submerged by the filling of Lac des Dix beginning in 1957, it can still be seen when the reservoir level is low.[2]
In the 1980s, Grande Dixence SA and EOS began the Cleuson-Dixence project which improved the quality of electricity produced by building new tunnels along with the Bieudron Power Station. By the time the Cleuson-Dixence Complex was complete, the power generated had more than doubled.[2]
Characteristics
The dam as seen from downriver
Map of Cleuson-Dixence ComplexThe Grande Dixence Dam is a 285 m (935 ft) high, 700 m (2,297 ft) long concrete gravity dam. The dam is 200 m (656 ft) wide at its base and 15 m (49 ft) wide at its crest. The dam's crest reaches an altitude of 2,365 m (7,759 ft). The dam structure contains approximately 6,000,000 m3 (211,888,000 cu ft) of concrete.[1] To secure the dam to the surrounding foundation, a grout curtain surrounds the dam, reaching a depth of 200 m (656 ft) and extending 100 m (328 ft) on each side of the valley.[3]
Although the dam is situated on the relatively small Dixence River, water supplied from other rivers and streams is pumped by the Z’Mutt, Stafel, Ferpècle and Arolla pumping stations. The pumping stations transport the water through 100 km (62 mi) of tunnels into its reservoir, Lac des Dix. Water from the 87 m (285 ft) high Cleuson Dam, located 7 km (4 mi) to the northwest, is also transported from its reservoir, the Lac de Cleuson. Three penstocks transport water from Lac des Dix to the Chandoline, Fionnay, Nendaz and Bieudron power stations, before being discharged into the Rhône River below.[4] All the pumping stations, power stations and dams form the Cleuson-Dixence Complex. Although the complex operates with water being pumped from one reservoir to another, it does not technically qualify as a pumped-storage scheme. [5]
Most of the water comes from glaciers when they melt during the summer. The lake is usually at full capacity by late September, and empties during the winter, eventually reaching its lowest point around April.
Power stations
Chandoline Power Station
The Chandoline Power Station was the power station for the original Dixence Dam. The Grande Dixence Dam submerged the original dam but the power station still operates with water received from the reservoir of the Grande Dixence Dam, Lac des Dix. The power station is the smallest of the four, producing 120 MW from five pelton turbines with a gross head of 1,748 m (5,735 ft).[6]
Fionnay Power Station
The Fionnay Power Station receives water from the Grande Dixence Dam by a 9 km (6 mi) long tunnel with an average gradient of 10%. Once the tunnel reaches a surge chamber at Louvie in Bagnes, it turns into a penstock which descends at a gradient of 73% for 800 m (2,625 ft) until it reaches the power station. The water, now flowing at a maximum rate of 45 m3/s (1,589 cu ft/s) spins six pelton turbines, generating a combined maximum capacity of 290 MW.[7]
Nendaz Power Station
After arriving at the Fionnay Power Station from the Grande Dixence Dam, water then travels through a 16 km (10 mi) pressure tunnel which eventually leads into the Péroua surge chamber, 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the Nendaz Power Station. The water, which remains at a maximum rate of 45 m3/s (1,589 cu ft/s) spins six pelton turbines, generating a combined maximum capacity of 390 MW.
The Nendaz power station is located within mountains between Aproz and Riddes and is the second-largest hydroelectric power station in Switzerland after the Bieudron Power Station.[8]
Bieudron Power Station
Main article: Bieudron Hydroelectric Power StationThe water travels down a long penstock from the Grande Dixence Dam before reaching the Bieudron Power Station 1,883 m (6,178 ft) down. The water spins three pelton turbines, generating a combined capacity of 1,269 MW.[9] The power station was constructed after the Nendaz and Fionnay power stations. The power station was built by both Grande Dixence SA and Energie Ouest Suisse between 1993 and 1998 at a cost of US$1.2 billion.[9]
The Bieudron Power Station alone holds three world records, for the height of its head (1,883 m (6,178 ft)), the output of each Pelton turbine (3 × 423 MW) and the output per pole of the generators (35.7 MVA). It was taken out of service in December 2000 after the rupture of a penstock. The power station became partially operational in December 2009 and should be fully operational in 2010.[2][9][10]
References
- ^ a b Structurae - Grande Dixence Dam
- ^ a b c d FROM EOS TO GRANDE DIXENCE AND CLEUSON-DIXENCE - Grande Dixence SA
- ^ Grande Dixence Dam
- ^ Cross-section of the installations of the Grande Dixence SA
- ^ Thierry, Jacob. "Pumped storage in Switzerland - an outlook beyond 2000". Stucky Consulting Engineers Ltd. p. 4. http://www.stucky.ch/en/contenu/pdf/Pumped_storage_in_Switzerland_Dr_Jacob.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Chandoline Power Plant - Alpiq Group
- ^ Fionnay Power Station - Grande Dixence SA
- ^ NENDAZ POWER STATION - Grande Dixence SA
- ^ a b c Bieudron Power Station - Grande Dixence SA
- ^ After 9 years of shutdown, Bieudron Power Station is running again.
External links
- Grande Dixence in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- Grande Dixence Dam at Structurae
- Grande Dixence
- Cycling Profile for route to La Grande Dixence
Categories:- Dams in Switzerland
- Gravity dams
- Buildings and structures in Valais
- Lakes of Switzerland
- Reservoirs in Switzerland
- Visitor attractions in Switzerland
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