Banksia acanthopoda

Banksia acanthopoda
Conservation status
Priority Two — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Proteaceae
Genus:	Banksia
Subgenus:	Banksia subg. Banksia
Series:	Banksia ser. Dryandra
Species:	B. acanthopoda
Binomial name
Banksia acanthopoda (A.S.George) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele

Banksia acanthopoda is a species of shrub in the Proteaceae family. It grows as a small spreading shrub to 2 m (7 ft) high and has prickly leaves and yellow composite flower heads, called inflorescences, composed of 50 to 60 individual yellow flowers. Endemic to Western Australia, it occurs only in a few populations in the vicinities of Woodanilling, Katanning and Darkan; because of its rarity, it is classed as "Priority Two" conservation flora by Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation.

The botanist Alex George first described this species in 1996, naming it Dryandra acanthopoda. It was renamed to its current name in 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to the genus Banksia. It is little known in cultivation and its sensitivity to dieback is unclear (although highly likely).

Description

B. acanthopoda grows as a spreading shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) high. Its stems are matted with short soft hairs when young, but these are soon lost. Leaves are long, thin and curved, with five to ten spines on the petiole, sharply serrated leaf margins, and an acute leaf tip. The lamina is dark-green above, but white and hairy beneath. Leaves range from 5 to 13 cm (2–5 in) in length, and 10 to 15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) in width, on a petiole up to 15 mm (0.6 in) long.^[1][2][3]

Inflorescences occur on short lateral branches, and consist of 50 to 60 yellow flowers packed densely together into a dome-shaped head up to four centimetres (1½ in) in diameter, surrounded by short involucral bracts. As with other Banksia species, each flower comprises a perianth of four united tepals, with a single anther on a short filament attached near the tip; and a single pistil. In B. acanthopoda both perianth and pistil are yellow in colour; the perianth is from 26 to 30 mm long, and the pistil a few millimetres longer. The fruiting structure is a woody dome firmly embedded with up to six light brown follicles, each containing one or two seeds.^[1][2][3]

B. acanthopoda resembles B. hewardiana but has smaller leaves that are sticky when young. Its flower heads are similar to that of B. squarrosa, but its perianths and pistils are straight rather than curved, and longer.^[3]

Taxonomy

Early collections of B. acanthopoda include a specimen collected by F. W. Humphreys between Katanning and Kwobrup on 21 December 1964, a specimen collected by Alex George west of Woodanilling on 26 July 1986, a specimen collected by Ray Garstone north of Woodanilling on 7 October 1986, and a specimen collected by Ken Newbey east of Katanning. George's specimen was recognised as belonging to an undescribed species, and this species was referred to by the phrase name "Dryandra sp. 1 (A.S. George 16647)",^[4] until 1996, when George formally published it as Dryandra acanthopoda. The specific name comes from the Ancient Greek acantha ("thorn" or "prickle") and podos ("foot"),^[5] in reference to the spines on the petiole.

George placed B. acanthopoda in genus Dryandra, subgenus Dryandra, series Armatae, remarking that its closest relative is Dryandra polycephala (now Banksia polycephala).^[1] Its placement within George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, with 1999^[2] and 2005^[6] amendments, may be summarised as follows:

A young shrub

Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)

D. subg. Dryandra

D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties)

D. ser. Armatae

D. cuneata (now B. obovata)

D. fuscobractea (now B. fuscobractea)

D. armata (now B. armata) (2 varieties)

D. prionotes (now B. prionophylla

D. arborea (now B. arborea)

D. hirsuta (now B. hirta)

D. pallida (now B. pallida)

D. purdieana (now B. purdieana)

D. xylothemelia (now B. xylothemelia)

D. cirsioides (now B. cirsioides)

D. acanthopoda (now B. acanthopoda)

D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosa) (2 subspecies)

D. hewardiana (now B. hewardiana)

D. wonganensis (now B. wonganensis)

D. trifontinalis (now B. trifontinalis)

D. stricta (now B. strictifolia)

D. echinata (now B. echinata)

D. polycephala (now B. polycephala)

D. subpinnatifida (now B. subpinnatifida) (2 varieties)

D. longifolia (now B. prolata) (3 subspecies)

D. borealis (now B. borealis) (2 subspecies)

Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred Dryandra into Banksia. They also published B. subgenus Spathulatae for the Banksia taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons, thus redefining the subgenus Banksia as comprising those that do not. They were not ready, however, to tender an infrageneric arrangement encompassing Dryandra, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank. This minimised the nomenclatural disruption of the transfer, but also caused George's rich infrageneric arrangement to be set aside. Thus under the interim arrangements implemented by Mast and Thiele, B. acanthopoda is placed in B. subg. Banksia, ser. Dryandra.^[7]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution of B. acanthopoda, shown on a map of Western Australia's biogeographic regions.^[8]

There are only a few small populations. Until 1999 it was thought to occur only in the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region, in the vicinity of Woodanilling and Katanning;^[1][2] since then, a population has been found in the Jarrah Forest region, south of Darkan.^[3]

It grows in tall closed kwongan heath in lateritic soils, sometimes with a sparse overstorey of wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo) or Drummond's gum (E. drummondii). Other B. ser. Dryandra species that co-occur with B. acanthopoda include B. stuposa, B. armata var. ignicida and B. nobilis.^[3] The area has a mean temperature range of 9 to 22°C (48–72°F), with up to 40 days above 30°C (86°F), and a mean annual rainfall of 400 to 500 mm (15.7–19.7 in).^[3]

Ecology

Little has been reported of its ecology. The flowering season is from May to July, and the seed is shed annually.^[3] When first published, Banksia acanthopoda was listed as "Priority Three – Poorly Known Taxa" on the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List.^[1] It has since been upgraded to "Priority Two – Poorly Known Taxa".^[8] Threats to the species vary according to the location. In the Avon Wheatbelt, where the land is heavily degraded due to extensive clearing for agriculture, a number of threatening processes have been identified: loss of habitat due to land clearing and the encroachment of salinity results in both direct plant loss and population fragmentation; fragmentation in turn affects genetic diversity; grazing pressure affects plant health, as does competition from exotic weeds; and changes to the fire regime have the potential to eliminate entire generations.^[9] Further west, in the Jarrah Forest region, pathogens constitute the only identified threat to the species.^[10]

Information on the species' susceptibility to dieback is problematic: the only information available is from the 2006 report Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia, which states that D. acanthopoda is "highly susceptible";^[11] but this claim is sourced to a 1994 paper that asserts it not for B. acanthopoda but for the species then known as "Dryandra sp. Kamballup (M. Pieroni 20.9.88)",^[12] now B. ionthocarpa.

Investigations into long-term seed storage have shown B. acanthopoda to store well under standard genebank storage conditions. After six years of storage in these conditions, 90% of seeds were successfully germinated, a rate similar to that of fresh seed.^[13][14]

Cultivation

Banksia acanthopoda is little known in cultivation, although it has been successfully grown and propagated at The Banksia Farm in Mount Barker, Western Australia, and at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Cranbourne, Melbourne. It is a sprawling and untidy shrub, but its habit can be improved by pruning. Its prominent yellow flower heads appear from July to October in cultivation, and have potential for use in the cut flower industry. It prefers a well-drained soil in full sun or light shade, and will tolerate dry conditions once established. Propagation is by seed; seeds take three to five weeks to germinate, and have a germination rate of 80 to 90 percent.^[3]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia 10 (3): 313–408. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} George, Alex S. (1999). "Dryandra". In Wilson, Annette. Flora of Australia. 17B. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Cavanagh, Tony and Margaret Pieroni (2006). The Dryandras. Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. ISBN 1-876473-54-1. 
4. ^ "Dryandra sp. 1 (A.S. George 16647)". FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/13841. 
5. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. 
6. ^ George, Alex S. (2005). "Further new taxa in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia 15 (3): 337–46. http://www.naturebase.net/images/stories/nature/science/nuytsia/15/3/337-346.pdf. 
7. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016. 
8. ^ ^{a b} "Banksia acanthopoda". FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/32687. 
9. ^ Beecham, Brett. "Avon Wheatbelt 2 (AW2 – Re-juvenated Drainage subregion)". A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia's 54 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002. Department of Conservation and Land Management. http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/pdf/science/bio_audit/avon_wheatbelt02_p36-68.pdf. Retrieved 18 April 2009. 
10. ^ Hearn, Roger; Williams, Kim; Comer, Sarah; Beecham, Brett. "Jarrah Forest 2 ( JF2 – Southern Jarrah Forest subregion)". A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia's 54 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002. Department of Conservation and Land Management. http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/pdf/science/bio_audit/jarrah_forest02_p382-405.pdf. Retrieved 18 April 2009. 
11. ^ "Part 2, Appendix 4: The responses of native Australian plant species to Phytophthora cinnamomi" (PDF). Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government. 2006. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/appendix4.pdf. Retrieved 22 April 2009. 
12. ^ Wills, Ray T.; Keighery, Greg J. (1994). "Ecological impact of plant disease on plant communities". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 77 (4): 127–31. 
13. ^ Cochrane, Anne; Brown, Kate; Kelly, Anne (2002). "Low temperature and low moisture storage of seeds of rare and threatened taxa in the endemic Western Australian genus Dryandra (R.Br.) (Proteaceae)". Conservation Science 4 (1): 1–12. 
14. ^ Crawford, Andrew D; Steadman, Kathryn J. et al. (2007). "Analysis of seed-bank data confirms suitabiliity of international seed-storage standards for the Australian flora". Australian Journal of Botany 55: 18–29. doi:10.1071/BT06038. 

External links

• "Dryandra acanthopoda A.S.George". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=46420. 
• "Banksia acanthopoda (A.S.George) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele". FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/32687. 
• "Banksia acanthopoda (A.S.George) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=269876.