- Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
-
Charles Emmanuel I Engraving of Charles Emmanuel I Duke of Savoy Predecessor Emmanuel Philibert Successor Victor Amadeus I Spouse Catherina Micaela of Spain
Margaret of RossillonIssue Philip Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont
Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy
Margaret, Duchess of Mantua
Isabella, Hereditary Princess of Modena
Thomas Francis, Prince of CarignanoFather Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy Mother Margaret of France Born 12 January 1562
Castle of Rivoli, Rivoli, PiedmontDied 26 July 1630 (aged 68)
SaviglianoCharles Emmanuel I (Italian: Carlo Emanuele di Savoia; 12 January 1562 – 26 July 1630), known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy from 1580 to 1630. He was also nicknamed Testa d'feu ("Head of Fire") for his rashness and military attitudes.
Contents
Biography
He was born in the Castle of Rivoli in Piedmont, he was the only child of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. He became duke on 30 August 1580.
An ambitious and self-esteeming person, he followed a policy of expansion for his duchy. In the autumn of 1588, taking advantage of the civil war weakening France during the reign of his first cousin Henry III, he occupied the Marquisate of Saluzzo, which was under French protection. The new king, Henry IV, demanded the restitution of that land, but Charles Emmanuel refused, and a war ensued. The broader conflict involving France and Spain ended with the Peace of Vervins (May 2, 1598), which left the current but separate question of Saluzzo unsolved. After the Duke had started talks with Spain, Henry threatened to reopen the war until, with the Treaty of Lyon (January 17, 1601), Saluzzo went to Savoy in exchange for Bresse and other territories over the Alps. By terms of the treaty, the eradication of Protestants was to be carried on in the Duchy.
In 1602, Charles Emmanuel attempted to besiege the city of Geneva. On December the 11th of that year, he commanded his troops to the city during the night, and they surrounded the city walls at 2:00 AM. The Savoyard cuirassiers were ordered to dismount and climb the city walls in full armour as a shock tactic. However, the alarm was raised by a night watchman and Geneva's militia rose to meet the invaders. The attempted raid was a disastrous failure, and 54 Savoyards were killed, and many more were captured. Charles Emmanuel's army retreated in a panic and the Savoyard prisoners were executed.
The heavy helmets worn by Charles Emmanuel's troops, which featured visors made in crude imitation of a human face, were henceforth known as "Savoyard" helmets after this notorious incident. A number of these armours were captured by the Swiss and kept as trophies. The Geneva militia's successful defense of the city's walls is celebrated to the present day as an act of heroism with the annual festival of L'Escalade.
With the Treaty of Bruzolo (April 25, 1610), Charles Emmanuel allied with France against Spain, but the assassination of Henry IV changed the situation, as the treaty was not recognized by Marie de' Medici, who immediately assumed regency for Henry's son Louis XIII, a minor. Nevertheless, Charles Emmanuel obtained the help of French troops to free Alba from the Spaniards (January 1617), as the new King Louis XIII resumed his father's former alliance with Savoy. His sister Christine Marie was married to Charles Emmanuel's son, Victor Amadeus in 1619.
In the First Genoese-Savoyard War of 1625, Charles Emmanuel tried with the help of France to obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea at the expense of Genoa, but after Spanish intervention, the status-quo was restored in the Treaty of Monçon.
Main article: War of the Mantuan SuccessionHowever, when the French occupied Casale Monferrato during the War of the Mantuan Succession, Charles Emmanuel allied with Spain. When Richelieu invaded Piedmont and conquered Susa, the duke changed sides again and returned to an alliance with France. However, when Philip IV of Spain sent two invasion forces from Genoa and Como, Charles Emmanuel declared himself neutral, and in 1630 Richelieu ordered a French army to march into Savoy to force him to obey the pacts. The French troops, soon backed by another army, occupied Pinerolo and Avigliana. The Savoy army under Victor Amadeus was defeated in Lower Valsusa.
The duke, having caught a violent fever, died suddenly at Savigliano in late July 1630. He was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus.
Marriage and issue
He married his cousin Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain, daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth of Valois and had ten children:
- Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont (1586–1605)
- Victor Amadeus (1587–1637) married Princess Christine Marie of France and had issue;
- Emanuele Filiberto (1588–1624), Spanish Viceroy of Sicily (1622–24)
- Margaret (1589–1655), married Francesco IV Gonzaga of Mantua
- Isabella of Savoy (1591–1626), married Alfonso III d'Este, Hereditary Prince of Modena
- Maurizio, a cardinal (1593–1657)
- Maria Apollonia, a nun in Rome (1594–1656)
- Francesca Catherina, a nun in Biella (1595–1640)
- Tommaso Francesco (1596–1656) married Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons and had issue;
- Giovanna (born 1597)
After the death of his wife, he never remarried but was father to another eleven illegitimate children from 1600 onwards by the following mistresses, Luisa de Duing, Argentina Provana, Catherine de Roussillon (mother of Margherita di Savoia who was an ancestor of Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina), Virginia Pallavicino, Anna Caterina Meraviglia and Anna Felizita Cusa.
Ancestors
Charles Emmanuel's ancestors in three generations Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Father:
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of SavoyPaternal Grandfather:
Charles III, Duke of SavoyPaternal Great-Grandfather:
Philip II, Duke of SavoyPaternal Great-grandmother:
Claudine de BrossePaternal Grandmother:
Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of SavoyPaternal Great-Grandfather:
Manuel I of PortugalPaternal Great-Grandmother:
Maria of AragonMother:
Margaret of France, Duchess of BerryMaternal Grandfather:
Francis I of FranceMaternal Great-Grandfather:
Charles, Count of AngoulêmeMaternal Great-Grandmother:
Louise of SavoyMaternal Grandmother:
Claude of FranceMaternal Great-grandfather:
Louis XII of FranceMaternal Great-Grandmother:
Anne of BrittanyReferences
- http://genealogy.euweb.cz
- Henri IV de Bourbon, (The Great), King of France married Mary de' Médici, Princess de Tuscany. They were married on January 17, 1600. As a wedding present to his wife, he decided to wage war against the Carlo Emanuel I de Savoy, Duc de Savoy in 1600, from which he ... Finally, a truce was declared at Loudun on 21 February 1616 with the signing of the Treaty of Loudun.
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of SavoyBorn: 12 January 1562 Died: 26 July 1630Regnal titles Preceded by
Emmanuel PhilibertDuke of Savoy
1580-1630Succeeded by
Victor Amadeus IAmadeus VIII (1416–1440) · Louis (1440–1465) · Amadeus IX (1465–1472) · Philibert I (1472–1482) · Charles I (1482–1490) · Charles II (1490–1496) · Philip II (1496–1497) · Philibert II (1497–1504) · Charles III (1504–1553) · Emmanuel Philibert (1553–1580) · Charles Emmanuel I (1580–1630) · Victor Amadeus I (1630–1637) · Francis Hyacinth (1637–1638) · Charles Emmanuel II (1638–1675) · Victor Amadeus II (1675–1730)Charles (1456–1471) · Emmanuel Philibert (1536–1553) · Charles Emmanuel I (1562–1580) · Philip Emmanuel (1586–1605) · Victor Amadeus I (1587–1630) · Francis Hyacinth (1632–1637) · Victor Amadeus II (1666–1675) · Victor Amadeus (1699–1715) · Charles Emmanuel III (1715–1730) · Charles Emmanuel IV (1751–1796) · Umberto I (1844–1878) · Victor Emmanuel III (1878–1900) · Umberto II (1904–1947) · Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples*- denotes titular Prince
1st Generation none2nd Generation Prince Anthony · Prince Anthony · Louis, Duke of Savoy · Amadeus, Prince of Piemont · Philip, Prince of Achaea3rd Generation Amadeus, Duke of Savoy · Louis, Count of Geneva · Prince Giovanni · Philip, Duke of Savoy · Giano, Count of Faucigny and Geneva · Pietro, Bishop of Geneva · Prince Aimone · Prince Giacomo · Giovanni Ludovico, Bishop of Geneva · Jacques, Count of Romont4th Generation Prince Luigi · Carlo, Prince of Piedmont · Philibert, Duke of Savoy · Prince Bernardo · Charles, Duke of Savoy · James Louis, Count of Genevois · Prince Gian Claudio Galeazzo · Prince Girolamo · Philibert, Duke of Savoy · Charles, Duke of Savoy · Prince Louis · Philippe, Duke of Nemours · Prince Assolone · Prince Giovanni Amedeo · Prince Emanuele Filiberto Adriano · Prince Louis · Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy5th Generation Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy · Jacques, Duke of Nemours6th Generation Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont · Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy · Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours · Henri, Prince de Genevois · Prince Louis · Prince François Paul · Henri, Duke of Nemours · Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano · Maurice, Cardinal of Savoy · Prince Emmanuel Filibert7th Generation Prince Louis Amadeus · Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy · Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy · Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano · Joseph Emmanuel, Count of Soissons · Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons8th Generation Victor Amadeus II, King of Sardinia · Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignano · Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons · Emanuel Philibert, Count of Dreux · Prince Philippe · Prince Eugene · Prince Louis Jules9th Generation Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont · Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia · Emanuele Philibert, Duke of Chablais · Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano · Eugenio, Count of Villafranca · Prince Tommaso · Emmanuel Thomas, Count of Soissons10th Generation Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta · Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia · Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta · Carlo, Duke of Chablais · Carlo, Duke of Aosta · Benedetto, Duke of Chablais · Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano · Prince Tommaso · Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons · Giuseppe Maria, Count of Villafranca11th Generation Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia · Amedeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat · Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia · Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat · Charles Felix, King of Sardinia · Giuseppe, Count of Asti · Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano · Eugenio, Duke of Carignano12th Generation 13th Generation Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy · Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa14th Generation 15th Generation Victor Emmanuel III of Italy · Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta*** · Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin*** · Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi*** · Umberto, Count of Salemi*** · Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa** · Filiberto, Duke of Genoa** · Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo** · Eugenio, Duke of Genoa**16th Generation 17th Generation 18th Generation 19th generation Prince Umberto*** · Prince Amedeo****member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy
**Prince of Savoy-Genoa
***Prince of Savoy-AostaCategories:- 1562 births
- 1630 deaths
- People from Rivoli
- House of Savoy
- Claimant Kings of Jerusalem
- Dukes of Savoy
- Princes of Piedmont
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- Princes of Savoy
- Grand Masters of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
- Grand Masters of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- 16th-century Italian nobility
- 17th-century Italian people
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.