Umberto I of Italy

Umberto I of Italy

Infobox Italian Royalty|monarch
name =Umberto I
title =King of Italy



reign =January 9, 1878 - July 29, 1900
coronation =
predecessor =Victor Emmanuel II
successor =Victor Emmanuel III
spouse =Margherita of Savoy
issue =Victor Emmanuel III
royal house =House of Savoy
royal anthem =Marcia Reale
father =Victor Emmanuel II
mother =Maria Adelaide of Austria
date of birth =14 March, 1844
place of birth =Turin, Kingdom of Savoy
date of death =death date and age|1900|7|29|1844|3|13
place of death =Monza, Kingdom of Italy
place of burial =Pantheon, Rome, Kingdom of Italy|

Umberto I, King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ("Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy"), English: "Humbert Ranier Charles Emmanuel John Mary Ferdinand Eugene of Savoy" (14 March, 1844 – 29 July, 1900) was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. He was deeply loathed in left-wing circles, especially among anarchists, because of his hard-line conservatism and support of the Bava-Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was killed by anarchist Gaetano Bresci two years after the incident.

Youth

The son of Vittorio Emanuele II and Archduchess Maria Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the kingdom of Sardinia, on March 14, 1844. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini.

From March 1858 he had a military career in the Sardinian army, beginning with the rank of captain. Umberto took part in the Italian Wars of Independence: he was present at the battle of Solferino in 1859, and in 1866 commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at Custoza.

On 21 April, 1868 Umberto married his first cousin, Margherita Teresa Giovanna, Princess of Savoy. Their only son was Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples; later Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.

Reign

Ascending the throne on the death of his father (January 9, 1878), Umberto adopted the title "Umberto I of Italy" rather than "Umberto IV" (of Savoy), and consented that the remains of his father should be interred at Rome in the Pantheon, rather than the royal mausoleum of Basilica of Superga.

First assassination attempt

While on a tour of the kingdom, accompanied by Premier Benedetto Cairoli, he was attacked by an anarchist, Giovanni Passannante, during a parade in Naples on November 17, 1878. The King warded off the blow with his sabre, but Cairoli, in attempting to defend him, was severely wounded in the thigh. The would-be assassin was condemned to death, even though the law only allowed the death penalty if the King was killed. The King commuted the sentence to one of penal servitude for life, which was served in conditions in a cell only 1.4 meters high, without sanitation and with 18 kilograms of chains. Passanante would later die in a psychiatric institution, after torture had driven him insane [Salvatore Merlino, «L'Italia così com'è», 1891 in "Al caffè", by Errico Malatesta, 1922] . The incident upset the health of Queen Margherita for several yearsFact|date=July 2008.

Alliances and colonialism

In foreign policy Umberto I approved the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany, repeatedly visiting Vienna and Berlin. Many in Italy, however, viewed with hostility an alliance with their former Austrian enemies, who were still occupying areas claimed by Italy.

Umberto was also favorably disposed towards the policy of colonial expansion inaugurated in 1885 by the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea. Italy expanded into Somalia in the 1880s as well. Umberto I was suspected of aspiring to a vast empire in north-east Africa, a suspicion which tended somewhat to diminish his popularity after the disastrous Battle of Adowa in Ethiopia on 1 March 1896.

In the summer of 1900, Italian forces were part of the Eight-Nation Alliance which participated in the Boxer Rebellion in Imperial China. Through the Boxer Protocol, signed after Umberto's death, the Kingdom of Italy gained a concession territory in Tientsin.

Turmoil

The reign of Umberto I was a time of social upheaval, though it was later claimed to have been a tranquil "belle époque". Social tensions mounted as a consequence of the relatively recent occupation of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, the spread of socialist ideas, public hostility to the colonialist plans of the various governments, especially Crispi's, and the numerous crackdowns on civil liberties. The protesters included the young Benito Mussolini, then a member of the socialist party.

Bava-Beccaris massacre

During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on May 7, 1898 the city of Milan was put under military control by General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris, who ordered the use of cannon on the demonstrators; as a result, about 100 people were killed according to the authorities (some claim the death toll was about 350); about a thousand were wounded. King Umberto sent a telegram to congratulate Bava-Beccaris on the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion.

To a certain extent his popularity was enhanced by the firmness of his attitude towards the Vatican, as exemplified in his telegram declaring Rome "untouchable" (20 September, 1886), and affirming the permanence of the Italian possession of the "Eternal City".

Death

Umberto I was attacked again, by an unemployed ironsmith, Pietro Acciarito, who tried to stab him near Rome on 22 April, 1897.

Finally, he was murdered with four revolver shots by the Italo-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza, on the evening of 29 July, 1900. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed during the Bava-Beccaris massacre. Official propaganda of the day gave the assassinated King the nickname "the Good".

He was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August, 1900. He was the last Savoy to be buried there, as his son and successor Victor Emmanuel III died in exile.

A newspaper report of Bresci's attack was carried and frequently read by the American anarchist Leon Czolgosz; Czolgosz used the assassination of Umberto I as his inspiration to murder U. S. President William McKinley in September, 1901 under the banner of Anarchism.

Titles as King of Italy

From 1860 to 1946, the following titles were used by the King of Italy:

Umberto the First, by the Grace of God, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Montferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, del Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero e Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane e Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara.

Quotes

*"Remember to be a king all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper and mount a horse".

Ancestors


ahnentafel-compact5
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border=1
boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
boxstyle_5=background-color: #fcb;
1= 1. Umberto I of Italy
2= 2. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
3= 3. Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
4= 4. Charles Albert of Sardinia
5= 5. Maria Theresa of Austria and Tuscany
6= 6. Archduke Rainer of Austria
7= 7. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignano
8= 8. Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, 6th Prince of Carignano
9= 9. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony
10= 10. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
11= 11. Luisa of the Two Sicilies
12= 12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
13= 13. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain
14= 14. Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, 6th Prince of Carignano
15= 15. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony

ee also

* Marie François Sadi Carnot
* Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

References

External links

* [http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy]

s-ttl|title=King of Italy
years=1878-1900


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