- Doctor fish
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This article is about the freshwater fish used for treating skin diseases in Turkey. For the species sometimes called "doctor fish" in the UK, see Tench. For the fish known as the "surgeonfish", see Acanthuridae.
Doctor fish 
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Garra Species: G. rufa Binomial name Garra rufa
(Heckel, 1843)Subspecies Synonyms Doctor fish is the name given to two species of fish: Garra rufa and Cyprinion macrostomus. Other nicknames include nibble fish, kangal fish,[3] physio fish,[4] and doctorfishen;[citation needed] in non-medical contexts, Garra rufa is called the reddish log sucker. They live and breed in the outdoor pools of some Turkish spas, where they feed on the skin of patients with psoriasis. The fish are like combfishes in that they only consume the affected and dead areas of the skin, leaving the healthy skin to grow, with the outdoor location of the treatment bringing beneficial effects. The spas are not meant as a curative treatment option, only as a temporary alleviation of symptoms, and patients usually revisit the spas every few months.
Contents
Occurrence
Garra rufa occurs in the river basins of the Northern and Central Middle East, mainly in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. It is legally protected from commercial exploitation in Turkey due to concerns of overharvesting for export. Garra rufa can be kept in an aquarium at home; while not strictly a "beginner's fish", it is quite hardy. For treatment of skin diseases, aquarium specimens are not well suited as the skin-feeding behavior fully manifests only under conditions where the food supply is somewhat scarce and unpredictable.
The misleading information perpetrated by those who utilize Garra rufa in profitable ventures is that the Garra rufa actually eat dead skin but this is not strictly true, the filtration systems of tanks that have been analyzed have been shown to capture the skin.
During their activities of foraging they slough off dead skin. They are simply looking for food which in the wild consists of aufwuchs. In both marine and freshwater environments the algae – particularly green algae and diatoms – make up the dominant component of aufwuchs communities. Small crustaceans, rotifers, and protozoans are also commonly found in fresh water and the sea, but insect larvae, oligochaetes and tardigrades are peculiar to freshwater aufwuchs faunas.
Spa resorts
Some spas provide large fish ponds with thousands of doctor fish in it
In 2006, doctor fish spa resorts opened in Hakone, Japan, and in Umag, Croatia, where the fish are used to clean the bathers at the spa. There are also spas in resorts in China, Belgium, the Netherlands, South Korea, Singapore, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Hong Kong, Bucharest and Sibiu (Romania), Madrid (Corralejo Fuerteventura Dr Fish) and Barcelona (Spain), France and Trondheim (Norway). In 2008, the first widely known doctor fish pedicure service was opened in the United States in Alexandria, Virginia, and later in Woodbridge, Virginia. In 2010 the first U.K. spa opened in Sheffield.[5] They are used to help treat patients suffering from various skin disorders, including psoriasis and eczema, since the fish will eat and remove any dead skin.
Legal status
The practice is banned in several of the United States and Canadian provinces as cosmetology regulators believe the practice is unsanitary, with the Wall Street Journal claiming that "cosmetology regulations generally mandate that tools need to be discarded or sanitized after each use. But epidermis-eating fish are too expensive to throw away".[6] The procedure is legal in Quebec, with a few clinics in Montreal.[7]
Before being outlawed in most U.S. states, the novelty of fish pedicures was viewed as a possible revenue enhancer for struggling nail salons, which had experienced less "luxury spending" from their regular clients during the recession. One New Hampshire salon owner who was shut down had assured local health authorities that she cleaned out fish tanks between pedicures and would never use the same group of fish with two different customers on the same day.[8] The state government still ruled the practice to be unsanitary.[9]
TV journalist John Stossel has ridiculed state laws against fish pedicures, arguing that they represent a case of the government becoming a "Nanny State", where individuals no longer can make their own decisions about their well-being. He participated in an "illegal" fish pedicure on his Fox Business Network program to illustrate his point.[10]
See also
- Ichthyotherapy
- Cleaning station
References
- ^ a b c d e "Search Results for: Garra rufa". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. http://data.gbif.org/search/Garra%20rufa. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zicha, Ondřej (2009). "BioLib - Garra rufa". BioLib. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonnames/id147650/. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Kangal Fish is named after the rivulet Kangal in Anatolia, Turkey. (foto)
- ^ physiofish.de: Garra-Rufa-Zucht (in german)
- ^ Slack, Martin (10 March 2010). "Step right in – the Doctor Fish will see you now". Yorkshire Post. http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Step-right-in--the.6139067.jp. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
- ^ Ban on Feet-Nibbling Fish Leaves Nail Salons on the Hook
- ^ Galipeau, Silvia (8 July 2010). "Piscipédicurie: inusitée, controversée et non réglementée". La Presse. http://www.cyberpresse.ca/vivre/mode/beaute/201007/08/01-4296469-piscipedicurie-inusitee-controversee-et-non-reglementee.php. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "My First Fish Pedicure (And Why It Poses No Threat to American Nail Salon Jobs)" Boston Herald
- ^ Wall Street Journal
- ^ Mediaite: John Stossel Gets His Feet Nibbled
External links
- BBC News - 'Fish pedicure' a feet treat
- BBC Video - Flesh-eating fish used to treat feet
- Reuters - Turkish "doctor fish" nibble at Japanese market
- NPR - Flesh-Eating Fish Perform 'Pedicures'
- UK Guardian article
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Wikimedia Commons
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Wikispecies
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Encyclopedia of Life
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at BioLib
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Global Biodiversity Information Facility
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Animal Diversity Web
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at FishBol
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at FishBase
- Doctor fish (Garra rufa) at Ocean Biogeographic Information System
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