Drawbridge

This article is about a type of bridge. For the California ghost town, see Drawbridge, California.

For the broader American meaning of the term, see Moveable bridge.

Drawbridge at the fort of Ponta da Bandeira; Lagos, Portugal

A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. The term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges.

Castle drawbridges

Medieval castles were usually defended by a ditch or moat, crossed by wooden bridge.^[1] In early castles the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a gatehouse, consisting of a wooden deck with one edge hinged or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold, so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against the gate, forming an additional barrier to entry. It would be backed by one or more portcullises and gates. Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers.

The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage. Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of bascule arrangement is normally found. The bridge may extend into the gate-passage beyond the pivot point, either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing (providing a further obstacle to attack), or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor.

The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights; in some cases a portcullis provides the weight, as at Alnwick. By the 14th century a bascule arrangement was provided by lifting arms (called "gaffs") above and parallel to the bridge deck whose ends were linked by chains to the lifting end of the bridge; in the raised position the gaffs would fit into slots in the gatehouse wall ("rainures") which can often still be seen, as at Herstmonceux Castle. Inside the castle the gaffs were extended to bear counterweights, or might form the side-timbers of a stout gate which would be against the roof of the gate-passage when the drawbridge was down, but would close against the gate-arch as the bridge was raised.^[2]

In France, working drawbridges survive at a number of châteaux, including the Château du Plessis-Bourré.^[3] In England, two working drawbridges remain in regular use at Helmingham Hall, which dates from the early sixteenth century.

Turning bridge

A bridge pivoted on central trunnions is called a turning bridge, and may or may not have the raising chains characteristic of a drawbridge. The inner end carried counterweights enabling it to sink into a pit in the gate-passage, and when horizontal the bridge would often be supported by stout pegs inserted through the side walls. This was a clumsy arrangement, and many turning bridges were replaced with more advanced drawbridges.^[4]

See also

Bascule bridge Drawbridge mentality Hinge

Linkspan Lists of rail accidents Swing bridge

Gallery

Some of the bridges shown are really bascule bridges.

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  Drawbridge crossing fortification ditches at Fort Ticonderoga

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  The famous Magere Brug (a double drawbridge) in Amsterdam

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  Another drawbridge in Amsterdam

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  Drawbridge, painted by Vincent van Gogh

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  Drawbridge at Doornenburg Castle

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  Wooden drawbridge in Amsterdam

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  Drawbridge at Gloucester docks

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  Slauerhoffbrug Bridge at Leeuwarden, Netherlands

References

1. ^ Stanford, Harold Melvin, ed (1921). "Castle" (Google books). The Standard Reference Work for the Home, School and Library. II. Standard Education Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=--tDAAAAYAAJ&q=Castle%20a%20strongly%20fortified%20residence&f=false#v=full. Retrieved November 21, 2009. "The entire [castle was] surrounded by a deep moat or ditch."  "The moat was crossed by means of a wooden drawbridge, hinged at its inner edge."
2. ^ Bottomley, Frank, The Castle Explorer's Guide, Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN 0718212169 pp 51–52
3. ^ Château du Plessis-Bourré: video of working drawbridge
4. ^ Bottomley, Frank, The Castle Explorer's Guide, Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN 0718212169 pp 186–187