Omar Bakri Muhammad

Omar Bakri Muhammad

Omar Bakri Muhammad (Arabic: عمر بکری محمد‎ `Umar Bakrī Muḥammad; born Omar Bakri Fostock in 1958 in Syria) is an Islamist militant leader who was instrumental in developing Hizb ut-Tahrir into a major organization in the United Kingdom before leaving the group and heading another Islamist organisation, Al-Muhajiroun, until its disbandment in 2004.

For several years Bakri was one of the best-known, high-profile Islamic radicals based in London, and was frequently quoted and interviewed in the UK media. He vowed in December 2004 for example that Muslims would give the West "a 9/11, day after day after day," if Western governments did not change their policies.[1] He has been described both as "closely linked to al-Qaeda"[2] — he released prepared statements from Osama bin Laden after the 1998 United States embassy bombings[3] — but also as the "Tottenham Ayatollah," who has "long been regarded as little more than a loudmouth."[4]

In 2005, following the 7 July 2005 London bombings the Times reported that "a dozen members" of his group Al-Muhajiroun "have taken part in suicide bombings or have become close to Al-Qaeda and its support network."[4] Shortly after, he left the UK, where he had sheltered for 20 years, for Lebanon. While there he was informed by the Home Office that he would not be allowed back into the UK.[5] Lebanon's state-run National News Agency said on November 12, 2010 that Bakri was among 54 people sentenced by a military court to life in prison with hard labor after being accused of acts of terrorism.[6] After the decision Bakri told reporters, he would "not spend one day in prison", and said, "I will not hand myself in to any court. I do not believe in the law in Britain as in Lebanon," It was reported on November 14 2010 that he had been arrested by the Lebanese police and was being transferred to Beirut.[7]

Contents

Biography

Early life and education

Bakri was born into a wealthy family in the ancient city of Aleppo, Syria. According to Jon Ronson his family had "chauffeurs and servants and palaces in Syria, Turkey and Beirut."[8]

From the age of five he was enrolled in the al-Kutaab Islamic boarding schools (a primary school not teaching children anything but how to recite and keep Quran by heart) where he studied the Qur'anic Sciences, Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet of Islam and his Companions), Fiqh (Islamic Religious Philosophy), and Seerah (The detailed biography of the Prophet of Islam), etc.[9] During his early adulthood Bakri continued his studies through Musahaba (companionship) with numerous noteworthy and respected 'Ulema of Ash-Shaam studying Usul al-Fiqh, Al-I'jaaz, Arabic Language, I'lm al-Khataba, I'lm al-Tassawuf, Fiqh and Ilm as-Seerah.[citation needed]

Later, Bakri joined the Shari'ah Institute at Damascus University where he then studied Fiqh and Shari'ah.[citation needed]

Bakri joined the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood as a young man but did not participate in their 1982 Hama revolt against the Syrian Ba'ath Party and the government of Hafez al-Assad.[9]

When he completed his studies, obtaining a BA in Shari'ah and Usul al-Fiqh.[citation needed] In 1977 he left Syria, where he was wanted for being a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and moved to Beirut, Lebanon[9] where he began his studies in Shari'ah. Bakri obtained his MA in Fiqh ul-Madhaahib from the Imaam Uzaie University, Lebanon.[citation needed]

In 1979 he left Lebanon and moved to Cairo, Egypt where he studied at Al-Azhar University for six months. He left Al-Azhar before he could get a degree due to disagreements with his teachers.[9]

In December 1979 he moved to Saudi Arabia, where he joined the Madrassah Al-Saltiyyah studying[9] and completing a Diploma in Jami' Al-Qur'an. At this time he also completed a thesis entitled, 'Nizaam al-Khilafahfil Islaam'.[citation needed]

Throughout his life, Bakri states that he joined many Islamic movements including Muslim Students, Ebad ul-Rahman, al-Ikhwan (al-Tali'ah section),[citation needed] and Hizb ut Tahrir. According to an interview with "Jamestown Special Correspondent" Mahan Abedin, Omar Bakri joined Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HT) in Beirut and maintained contacts with it in Cairo, and started an HT cells in Saudi Arabia" where "by 1983 I had built a team of 38 brothers." However, when he learned that "HT leaders in Kuwait were reluctant to form or organize any activities in Saudi Arabia," where HT was banned, it came as "a huge shock" and led to his suspension from the party. "Therefore on March 3, 1983 — the 59th anniversary of the destruction of the Ottoman Caliphate — I launched a separate organization [in Jeddah] with the help of these 38 brothers and called it Al-Muhajiroun."[citation needed]

In 1984 the Saudi Arabian government arrested Bakri in Jeddah, but released him on bail. The government arrested him again in December 1985 in Riyadh.[citation needed]

In United Kingdom

Bakri moved to the United Kingdom on January 14, 1986.[9] Later he travelled to the United States to study English after which he traveled back to the United Kingdom to assume the leadership of Hizb ut-Tahrir and become their spiritual leader.

In the UK he worked for ten years helping to build up Hizb ut-Tahrir. In 1996 Bakri split with Hizb ut-Tahrir over disagreements on policy, style and methods, declaring Al-Muhajiroun an independent organisation[9] and continued as its Amir until 2003.

He initially founded the group as a mainstream organisation supportive of international Islamist causes.[citation needed] The group did not directly associate itself with jihad movements.[citation needed]

After the September 11, 2001 attacks Bakri praised the attackers as "magnificent",[10] and changed his leanings towards the theology and philosophy of Al Qaeda. Bakri then stated that he had become a Salafi Muslim.[9] Media outlets and British Muslims criticised him for his open support for various international jihadist organisations.

On September 13, 2001 Bakri told the Daily Mail, "When I first heard about [the September 11, 2001 attacks], there was some initial delight about such an attack. I received a phone call and said, 'Oh, wow, the United States has come under attack.' It was exciting."[11]

According to The Times newspaper, Bakri was left alone by British law prior to July 2005 despite actions such as an issuing a fatwa "containing a death threat against President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan" because

Bakri, who acts as [al-Muhajiroun's] spiritual leader, insisted that his followers obey a "covenant of security" which, while encouraging terror abroad, forbade them from carrying out attacks in Britain.[4]

But "the authorities may have been lulled into a false sense of security," because the covenant was not permanent.[4] In November 2004 Bakri disbanded Al-Muhajiroun, saying that "all Muslims should unite together against a hostile West." Three months later Bakri said this "covenant of security" was no longer in force[4] having been violated by the British government.[citation needed] "Experts note," according to the Times, that the July London bombings followed "four months later".[4]

The same article reports "The Sunday Times has identified more than a dozen members of ALM who have taken part in suicide bombings or have become close to Al-Qaeda and its support network." Including Mohammed Naeem Noor Khan "a computer expert now in a Pakistani prison", Zeeshan Siddiqui, from Hounslow, west London, Bilal Mohammed from Birmingham, and Asif Hanif.[4]

Bakri has claimed an estimated £250,000 in state benefits since claiming asylum in Britain in 1986.[12] He is currently banned from returning to the United Kingdom.[13]

Students

His main students were Khalid Kelly, Anjem Choudary, Sulayman Keeler, Abu Izzadeen,[14] and Abu Uzair, a trained civil engineer who leads or led the Savior Sect.[15]

Return to Mideast

On August 6, 2005 Bakri left the United Kingdom following stories that the UK Government were planning to investigate certain Muslim clerics under little-used treason laws. He was banned from returning by British Home Secretary Charles Clarke stating that Bakri's presence in Britain was "not conducive to the public good."[10] He subsequently took up residence in Lebanon. During the 2006 Lebanon War, he tried to flee Lebanon on a Royal Navy vessel evacuating British citizens. He was turned away by the British Navy however.[16]

In 2005 Bakri made a televised appeal to the captors of Norman Kember, a hostage in Iraq. After his speech Bakri said, "I appeal myself to them, you see, that to show guidance and mercy to any victim in their hand. But after that I can't myself guarantee anything except to tell you these people mean business."[17]

Bakri has reaffirmed the fatwa on Salman Rushdie, saying from Lebanon, "Rushdie will continue living his life in hiding. Any fatwa will stand until it is fulfilled. He is always going to be worried about a Muslim reaching him."[18][19]

During an online question and answer session a Vigil member asked Bakri if Dublin Airport should be a terrorist target because U.S. troops transit there on the way to Iraq. Bakri told the member to "hit the target and hit it very hard. That issue should be understood. Your situation there is quite difficult therefore the answer lies in your question." He also said the 7/7 London bombers were in "paradise."[20]

On the July 27, 2007 edition of Newsnight, a special edition was entitled 'Battle for Islam' which Gavin Esler presented on the battle for the heart and soul of Islam[21] Omar Bakri featured live from Lebanon alongside Reza Aslan in Los Angeles, Benazir Bhutto in the studio in London with Maryam Namazie.

Currently he heads the Atibaa' Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah movement.[citation needed]

Family

Bakri was married and claims to have five children.[22]

Bakri, in his article, 'Omar Bakri Muhammad responds to media attack on family',[23] states that "The truth is that my family comprises of [sic] five children (three males and two daughters); Muhammad (30 years old, married with 2 children); Abdul Rahman (21 years old, married); Rukan (18 years old, married with no children); Rayah tul Islam (13 years old) and Bilal (10 years old)."

Controversy and alleged ties to terrorism

British newspapers have called him the "Tottenham Ayatollah",[24] while former Conservative MP Rupert Allason described him as a "terrorist who believes in planting bombs and blowing up women and children in Israel."[25] Roland Jacquard, an expert on Islamic terrorism, said that "every al-Qaeda operative recently arrested or identified in Europe had come into contact with Bakri at some time or other."[2]

Internet broadcasts

In January 2005 The Times monitored live, 90-minute internet lectures from Bakri in a chatroom in which he told listeners, "I believe the whole of Britain has become Dar al-Harb (land of war). The kuffar (non-believer) has no sanctity for their own life or property." He said Muslims should join the jihad "wherever you are" and told a woman she was allowed to do a suicide bombing. In another broadcast he said, "Al-Qaeda and all its branches and organizations of the world, that is the victorious group and they have the emir and you are obliged to join. There is no need... to mess about." Two days later, in another broadcast, he said that dead mujaheedin "are calling you and shouting to you from far distant places: al jihad, al jihad. They say to you my dear Muslim brothers, 'Where is your weapon, where is your weapon?' Come on to the jihad."[26]

Andrew Dismore, a Labour MP, said, "With these words he may well be committing offences under the Terrorism Act and other legislation. I will be raising this immediately with the Home Secretary and the Metropolitan Police."[26]

Comments on terrorist attacks

Commenting on the September 11, 2001 attacks, The Times claims he said "I am very happy today. As much as I regret the innocent people who passed away, with the USA you must pay." on his website.[26] The Montreal Gazette however claims that he said in an interview "If Islamists did it—and most likely it is Islamists, because of the nature of what happened—then they have fully misunderstood the teachings of Islam. ... Even the most radical of us have condemned this. I am always considered to be a radical in the Islamic world and even I condemn it."[27] There may not be a contradiction, depending on the interpretations of the statements.

Bakri, discussing the 2004 Madrid train bombings, is alleged by The Times to have said, "What happened in Madrid is all revenge. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life."[26]

Financing of "mujahideen"

On October 24, 2006 British anti-terror police stopped Omar Bakri's son, Abdul Rahman Fostok, at Heathrow Airport, and seized £13,000 that he intended to deliver to Bakri in Lebanon. The money was held under the Proceeds of Crime Act, pending an investigation, but Fostok was allowed to board his flight.[28] Responding to this, Bakri said,

"I am not expecting any problem with the money but if I do not get it there will be trouble. I will take action because it is my property. God says you must do all in your power to get something back if it is taken from you - even if it costs you your life. They will be playing with fire."[29]

Bakri claims that the money is a gift, but it has been reported that Bakri told followers on the Paltalk website in June 2006 that if they wanted to send him money for the financing of "mujahideen" they should do so through his son Fostok, who "keeps [a] low profile." He posted Fostok's cell phone number and invited them to call him directly.[30]

Kidnapping plot

Main article: 31 January 2007 Birmingham raid

On 31 January 2007 British police arrested nine suspected terrorists who were allegedly planning to kidnap, torture, and behead a British Muslim in the army, all of which would be videotaped and later broadcast on the internet. The soldier had served in the War in Afghanistan, but had returned home to Britain on temporary leave. On 4 February secret recordings of Bakri Muhammad emerged in which he calls for the attack. Bakri told listeners,

"When you meet [Westerners], slice their own necks. And when you make the blood spill all over, and the enemy becomes so tired, now start to take from them prisoners. Then free them or exchange them until the war is finished. Verily they remind the sunnah of removing the head of the enemy. They remind the sunnah of slaughtering the enemy. They remind the sunnah of how to strike the neck of the enemy. We saw him in his brother's house. They removed the head of the enemy. Use the sword and remove the head of the enemy."[24]

He previously called for a kidnapping-terrorist attack in 2005. In another incident he said he hoped someone would "capture British Muslims who are in the Army over there."[24] He has said that a Beslan-style attack is alright if children are not deliberately killed.[31]

Them: Adventures With Extremists

Main article: Them: Adventures With Extremists

British journalist Jon Ronson's "Them: Adventures With Extremists", a documentary and book published in 2001, depicts Ronson's interactions with Bakri.

Ronson depicts Bakri as a charismatic orator who calls for the black flag of Islam to fly over 10 Downing Street, the stoning of fornicators, and closing of pubs before a cheering crowd of 5000.[8] He tells Ronson, "I cannot take a day off, an hour off, even a minute off. I will take time off when I am with Allah, when I die in the battlefield and become a martyr."[32]

But he also describes Bakri as living in a semi-detached council house, enjoying watching Disney's Lion King video, being unable to hold a fish caught on a fishing line, and calling himself "actually very nice."[33][34]

In a phone call after the 9/11 attack on the evening of his arrest and release without charge, Bakri tells Ronson,

"Oh Jon, I need you more than ever now. You know I am harmless, don't you? You know I am just a clown. You know I am laughable, don't you? ... Why don't people believe you when you tell them that I am just a harmless clown?"[35]

Arrest and Eventual Conviction in Lebanon

Future Television interviewed Bakri on August 11, 2005. Bakri said he did not have ties to Al Qaeda, calling it a "media creation" and said he did not intend to return to Britain. During the interview, Bakri said "I left Britain on my own accord though I have not been accused of anything there or in Lebanon... but the London attacks are the reason I have returned". According to media reports, Lebanese police arrested Bakri "as soon as he left the building after the interview. the Police was waiting where they arrested him as soon as he exited the building . They hadn't seen the interview, nor were we warned beforehand that this could happen." Police later said the arrest was "a routine arrest to determine his reasons and if his residency in Lebanon is legitimate." Lebanese Information Minister Ghazi Aridi later said Bakri was arrested as a "precautionary measure."[36]

British Ambassador to Lebanon James Watt said, "We made no request for his arrest, nor for his extradition. As far as I am concerned, this is a very simple story — it is a Lebanese citizen who returned to Lebanon and has been arrested by the Lebanese police. We have nothing to do with it and it's not in our place to comment on what has happened."[36]

In mid-November 2010, according to media reports Bakri said he had been sentenced to life in prison in Lebanon in a terrorism case that he knew nothing about.[6]

Quotes and views

On killing and terrorism

  • (On the deaths of British servicemen in a Nimrod air accident in Afghanistan) "Allah has his own soldiers and I was so happy. I was just thanking Allah."[37]
  • "I condemn any killing and any bombing against any innocent people in Britain or abroad, but I expect the British people to condemn the killing of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan."[38]
  • "But I think that would be political suicide for the British government if they started to deport and imprison all extremists and radicals, because if, god forbid, something happened again, they would have nobody left to blame."[38]
  • "Why I condemn Osama Bin Laden for? I condemn Tony Blair, I condemn George Bush. I would never condemn Osama Bin Laden or any Muslim."[39]
  • "We don't make a distinction between civilians and non-civilians, innocents and non-innocents. Only between Muslims and unbelievers. And the life of an unbeliever has no value. It has no sanctity."[40]
  • "As long as the Iraqi did not deliberately kill women and children, and they were killed in the crossfire, that would be okay."[39]
  • "Copts (don't exist because) it (just) means Egyptian." [41]
  • "Secular Fundamentalists want to use religion to fabricate crimes against religious people, they are enemies of the religious people." [41]
  • "Muslim is (a person) who submits to God, who disapprove of man-made laws." [41]
  • All Jews, Hindus, and Sikhs are Kafirs (disbelievers) in Islam, all non-Muslims are guilty of not accepting the Message of Muhammad (Salah allahu alayhi wa sallem)."[41]
  • "Islam prohibits Muslims from allowing themselves to become captives of nonbelievers."[42]
  • "Juhayman al-Otaibi was a great man. He led a serious uprising against the House of al-Saud. In the end the Saudi authorities could not defeat Juhaiman and his men; therefore they brought in the Jordanians and the French."[9]

On Israel

  • "We are talking about a cancer in the heart of the Muslim world. It must be eradicated and removed"[39]

On attempts to return to UK

On trying to get back to Britain during the bombing of Lebanon

  • "They said 'sorry, the only people who will be in the boat are those who have British citizenship and those who've got British passports.'"[43]
  • "I know controversy surrounds all the news about me, I am myself accepting my destiny. But I have the right like anybody else to look for safety."[44]
  • "What concerns me is my safety. I'd be happy with a month's visa but this morning they told me I couldn't because I'm not a British citizen any more."[45]

On Paul McCartney

  • "If he values his life, Mr. McCartney must not come to Israel," Bakri was quoted as saying. "He will not be safe there. The sacrifice operatives will be waiting for him.". Bakri added: "Instead of supporting the people of Palestine in their suffering, McCartney is celebrating the atrocities of the occupiers. The one who is under occupation is supposed to be getting the help."[46]

References

  1. ^ Sciolino, Elaine; Don Van Natta Jr (10 July 2005), For a Decade, London Thrived as a Busy Crossroads of Terror, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/international/europe/10qaeda.html?ei=5070&en=199f139274bedc6b&ex=1121918400&th=&emc=th&pagewanted=all, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  2. ^ a b Al-Qaeda now, CNN, 27 May 2002, http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/05/27/time.alqaeda/, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  3. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 61
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Nick Fielding (2005-07-24). "Terror links of the Tottenham Ayatollah: Nick Fielding reveals the influence of a preacher once seen as a mere loudmouth". The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article547466.ece. Retrieved 2010-10-24. "Once glibly described as the “Tottenham Ayatollah” and often portrayed as a figure of fun, the radical Islamist preacher Omar Bakri Mohammed has an increasingly strong claim to the title of the godfather of British terrorism. It is becoming clear that al-Muhajiroun (ALM), the group formed by Bakri in London less than a decade ago, has played a pivotal role in radicalising young Britons who have gone on to wreak terror in Britain and across the world."  mirror
  5. ^ Britain bars freed cleric Bakri, CNN, 21 July 2006, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/08/12/uk.security/index.html [dead link]
  6. ^ a b Bloomberg News (2010-11-13). "Muslim cleric given life term in absentia". The Washington Post. p. A6. 
  7. ^ "Muslim cleric Omar Bakri Muhammad arrested in Lebanon". The BBC. November 14, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11579274. Retrieved November 14, 2010. 
  8. ^ a b Ronson 2002, p. 20
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Al-Muhajiroun in the UK: An Interview with Sheikh Omar Bakri Mohammed, The Jamestown Foundation, http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?search=1&articleid=23622 [dead link]
  10. ^ a b Cleric Bakri 'will return' to UK, BBC News, 9 August 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4133150.stm, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  11. ^ Ronson 2002, pp. 9–10
  12. ^ McGrory, Daniel (9 November 2005), Bakri's followers deported to Britain, London: The Times, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article588222.ece, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  13. ^ Cleric Bakri Barred from Britain, BBC News, 12 August 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4144792.stm, retrieved 28 December 2009 
  14. ^ Al Shafey, Mohammed (22 June 2006), UK Muslim fundamentalists to hold conference on 7/7 anniversary, Asharq Al-Awsat, http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=5393, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  15. ^ Walker, Jane (26 September 2005), Generation Jihad, TIME Magazine, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109334-3,00.html, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  16. ^ Britons escape Lebanon 'trauma', BBC News, 21 July 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5201956.stm, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  17. ^ Rice's European tour; Attacks in Baghdad on the rise; Hostages in Iraq; Opposition gains power in Egyptian elections, CNN, 8 December 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0512/08/ywt.01.html, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  18. ^ "Salman Rushdie: An interview". Johann Hari. 10 October 2006. http://www.johannhari.com/archive/article.php?id=1002. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  19. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 61
  20. ^ Covert preaching of banned cleric, BBC news, 14 November 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6143632.stm, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  21. ^ , BBC NEWS, news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/help/3681938.stm [dead link]
  22. ^ Parker, Nick (26 Sept 2008). "Poles Apart". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1736666.ece. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  23. ^ "Breaking News! Omar Bakri Muhammad responds to media attack on family". Islamic Awakening Forums. http://forums.islamicawakening.com/showthread.php?t=16646. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  24. ^ a b c Alderson, Andrew (4 February 2007), Ex-UK cleric 'inspired plot to kidnap soldier', London: The Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/02/04/nterr104.xml, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  25. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 33
  26. ^ a b c d O'Neil, Sean; Yaakov Lappin (17 January 2005), Britain's online imam declares war as he calls young to jihad, London: The Times, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article413387.ece, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  27. ^ "Shaykh Omar Bakri, leader of al-Muhajirun Condemns 9/11 Attack". Theamericanmuslim.org. 2001-09-13. http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/shaykh_omar_bakri_leader_of_al_muhajirun_condemns_9_11_attack/. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  28. ^ Police seize £13,000 from son of exiled Muslim cleric, The Scotsman, 26 October 2006, http://news.scotsman.com/uk.cfm?id=1583412006 [dead link]
  29. ^ Omar Bakri vows to retrieve confiscated cash, Life Style Extra, 25 October 2006, http://www.lse.co.uk/ShowStory.asp?story=WU2530421O&news_headline=omar_bakri_vows_to_retrieve_confiscated_cash [dead link]
  30. ^ Wells, Tom (26 October 2006). "Bakri boy link to web hate fund". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006490565,00.html. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  31. ^ Cleric denies UK al-Qaeda claims, BBC News, 20 January 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4190999.stm, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  32. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 47
  33. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 23
  34. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 49
  35. ^ Ronson 2002, p. 10
  36. ^ a b Omar Bakri detained in Lebanon, Al Jazeerah, http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20archives/2005%20News%20Archives/August/12%20%20n/Omar%20Bakri%20Detained%20in%20Lebanon.htm [dead link]
  37. ^ Wells, Tom (11 September 2006). "Bakri gloats over RAF deaths". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006420093,00.html. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  38. ^ a b INTERVIEW - Attacks on UK will continue, radical cleric says, Yahoo! News, India, http://in.news.yahoo.com/050722/137/5zg1q.html [dead link]
  39. ^ a b c The sayings of Omar Bakri Mohammed, London: The Times, 21 July 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article546372.ece, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  40. ^ Attack on London 'inevitable', Melbourne: The Age, 19 April 2004, http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/19/1082326119414.html?from=storyrhs&oneclick=true, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  41. ^ a b c d abnsat.com retrieved: 10/19/10
  42. ^ Al Shafey, Mohammed (11 July 2006), Interview with the Controversial Omar Bakri Extremist Bakri, Ashraq al-Awsat, http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=5594, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  43. ^ Banned cleric bids to flee Beirut, BBC News, 21 July 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5202018.stm, retrieved 12 December 2009 
  44. ^ , Yahoo News, http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060721/wl_uk_afp/mideastconflictevacuationbritainbakri [dead link]
  45. ^ Wooding, David (21 July 2006). "Exiled Bakri in SOS plea". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006330629,00.html. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
  46. ^ "Terrorists Call Paul McCartney Death Threats Bogus". Reuters. 2008-09-17. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS207624+17-Sep-2008+PRN20080917. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 

Bibliography

  • Ronson, Jon (2002), Them: Adventures With Extremists, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780743227070 
  • al-Ashanti, AbdulHaq and as-Salafi, Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman. (2009) A Critical Study of the Multiple Identities and Disguises of 'al-Muhajiroun': Exposing the Antics of the Cult Followers of Omar Bakri Muhammad Fustuq. London: Jamiah Media, 2009 ISBN 978-0955109942

External links

v · d · eFlag of the United Kingdom.svg Alleged militants in the War on Terror who have lived in the United Kingdom
Al Ghurabaa and Al-Muhajiroun
Hassan Butt · Anjem Choudary · Abu Izzadeen · Sulayman Keeler · Omar Bakri Muhammad · Abu Uzair
Lockerbie bombing
Abdelbaset al-Megrahi
1993 World Trade Center bombing
2001 shoe bomb plot
7 July 2005 London bombings
21 July 2005 London bombings
2007 Glasgow International Airport attack
22 May 2008 Exeter bombing
Nicky Reilly
Miscellaneous

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Omar Bakri Muhammad — (né en 1958 en Syrie) est un imam radical, considéré jusqu en 2005 comme un des leaders du mouvement islamiste britannique. Après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Bakri encensa les terroristes et leur donna le nom de magnifiques , il se… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Omar bin Bakri Muhammad — Omar Bakri Muhammad Omar Bakri Muhammad (né en 1958 en Syrie) est un imam radical, considéré jusqu en 2005 comme un des leaders du mouvement islamiste britannique. Après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Bakri encensa les terroristes et leur… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī — al Khwārizmī redirects here. For other uses, see al Khwārizmī (disambiguation). Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al Khwārizmī …   Wikipedia

  • Muhammad (name) — For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation). Muhammad Pronunciation English: /moʊˈhæməd/, /moʊˈhɑːməd/, /muːˈhæməd/, /muːˈhɑːməd/, [1] /moʊˈh …   Wikipedia

  • Muhammad al-Idrisi — Al Idrissi Le monde d al Idrīsī orienté sud/nord Al Idrissi ou Al Idrīsī ou encore Charif Al Idrissi, de son nom complet Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idriss al Qurtubi al Hassani (arabe : أبو عبد الله محمد ابن محمد ابن …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muhammad Ibn Mūsā Al-Khuwārizmī — Al Khawarizmi  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Abu Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi. Statue de Al Khawarizmi à l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khuwarizmi — Al Khawarizmi  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Abu Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi. Statue de Al Khawarizmi à l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi — Al Khawarizmi  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Abu Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi. Statue de Al Khawarizmi à l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khuwārizmī — Al Khawarizmi  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Abu Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi. Statue de Al Khawarizmi à l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Muhammad ibn mūsā al-khuwārizmī — Al Khawarizmi  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Abu Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi. Statue de Al Khawarizmi à l …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”