Dor Yeshorim

Dor Yeshorim (Hebrew: דור ישרים‎ - "upright generation", cf. Psalms 112:2), also called Committee for Prevention of Genetic Diseases, is an organization that offers genetic screening to members of the worldwide Jewish community. Its objective is to minimize, and eventually eliminate, the incidence of genetic disorders common to Jewish people, such as Tay-Sachs disease.

Dor Yeshorim is based in Brooklyn, New York, but has offices in Israel and various other countries. It announces testing sessions in community newspapers and Orthodox Jewish high schools.

Background

In both the Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish communities, there is an increased rate of a number of genetic disorders such as Tay-Sachs disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that goes unnoticed in carriers, but is fatal within the first few years of life in homozygotes.

Orthodox Judaism generally opposes selective abortion. Although preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is often approved by Halakha, it is a difficult and costly process. By avoiding the marriage between "carriers", the incidence of the disorders decreases without having to resort to such methods.

Policy

Dor Yeshorim screens only for recessive traits that give rise to lethal or severely debilitating disorders, providing prophylactic, rather than diagnostic services. They do not screen for disorders arising from dominant gene mutations, as these cannot be prevented by informed mate selection.

Methods

These diagrams, known as Punnett squares, are used to illustrate the method of trait transfer to offspring according to classical Mendelian genetics. In the Punnett square to the left, two heterozygous individuals (carriers) can potentially form three types of offspring: homozygous positive, heterozgous carriers and homozygous negative, in the ratio of 1:2:1. Homozygous positive offspring (highlighted in red) will completely express the particular recessive trait, in this case the genetic disorder. In the Punnett square to the right, a heterozygous carrier individual and a homozygous negative individual can potentially form two types of offspring: heterozgous carriers and homozygous negative, in the ratio of 1:1, and are necessarily unable to produce any affected offspring, barring a new random mutation. It is the situation depicted on the left, in which couples have the potential of producing affected offspring, that Dor Yesharim attempts to prevent.

Dor Yeshorim advocates anonymous testing. Individuals are tested during large sessions in Jewish schools and processed anonymously with only a PIN linking the sample with the candidate.

At present, testing is offered for the following disorders:

• Tay-Sachs disease
• Familial dysautonomia
• Cystic fibrosis
• Canavan disease
• Glycogen storage disease (type 1)
• Fanconi anemia (type C)
• Bloom syndrome
• Niemann-Pick disease
• Mucolipidosis (type IV)
• Gaucher's disease (only by request)

When two members of the system contemplate marriage, they contact the organization and enter both their PINs. When both carry a gene for the same disorder, the risk of affected offspring is 25%, and it is considered advisable to discontinue the plans. In the context of shidduchim, the "carriership check" is often run within the first three dates, to avoid disappointments and heartbreak. Ideally, it should be checked prior to the first date, as there are no charges applied to any particular query. Some couples wait until the third through fifth date because of the perception that participants go on too many first dates to make a pre-first date query viable and asking for a check after a first date indicates that the requester is over enthusiastic about the match.

History

Dor Yeshorim was started in the 1980s by Rabbi Joseph Ekstein, who lost four children to Tay-Sachs disease between 1965 and 1983.^[1] In a 2006 interview, Ekstein revealed^[2] that while four of his first five children died of Tay-Sachs disease, none of his children born subsequent to the founding of Dor Yeshorim suffered the condition. The same interview quotes a New York neurologist who credits the near-total disappearance of the condition from the ultra-orthodox community due to Dor Yeshorim's involvement.^[2] In 2005 Dor Yeshorim created a new program for the collection and storing of Umbilical Cord Blood. Called Kehila Cord, this program operates in the USA and in Israel.

Praise and criticism

The system has received praise and criticism from both within as well as outside the community.

There has been criticism leveled against the method used by Dor Yeshorim by Moshe Dovid Tendler, a professor of medical ethics at Yeshiva University. ^[3]

The question arises, when do you stop? There are close to 90 genes you wouldn’t want to have. Will this led to people showing each other computer print outs of their genetic conditions? We’ll never get married.

He notes its resemblance to eugenics.^[3]

Dor Yeshorim, as per policy, does not disclose the individual’s carrier status.

Dr. Fred Rosner, M.D., FACP an assistant Dean and professor of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Professor of Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine has only praise for Dor Yeshorim.

I think Dor Yeshorim performs a tremendous service...screening is a wonderful thing to do, and if you can avoid the birth of a potentially lethally affected child, that is a good thing.^[3]

Additional concerns lie in the elimination of negative selection against the disease allele (under natural circumstances the disease allele would eventually die out in the absence of positive selection bolstering it e.g. in the case of the mutation causing sickle cell anemia).^{[citation needed]} Technically, Dor Yeshorim only provides the testing service, and while two people may marry even if both individuals are informed that they are carriers for the same disease, communal pressure largely precludes this.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Medical genetics of Ashkenazi Jews

References

1. ^ George, Alison. "The Rabbi's Dilemma". New Scientist 14 Feb 2004. Online version.
2. ^ ^{a b} Leiman, Yehoshua. "Trailblazer in Genetics for the Jewish World and Beyond". Personal Glimpses, supplement to Hamodia, Pesach 5766 (April 2006), page 24-27.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Rosen, Christine. "Eugenics—Sacred and Profane". The New Atlantis Summer 2003;2:79-89. Online version.