Hawaiian Pidgin

Infobox Language
name=Hawai'i Creole English
states=US
speakers=600 000
familycolor=Creole
fam1=Creole language
fam2=English Creole
fam3=Pacific
iso2="none"
iso3=hwc
notice=nonotice

Hawaiokinai Pidgin English, Hawaiokinai Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based in part on English used by most "local" residents of Hawaiokinai. Fact|date=March 2008 Although English and Hawaiian are the co-official languages of the State of Hawaiokinai [ [http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html Hawaiokinai State Constitution] ] , Pidgin is used by many Hawaiokinai residents in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising toward Hawaiokinai residents. The new ISO 639-3 language code for Hawaiokinai Pidgin (Hawaiokinai Creole English) is hwc. [ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hwc Ethnologue report for language code:hwc ] ]

History

Pidgin (or Hawaiokinai Creole) originated as a form of communication used between English speaking residents and non-English speaking immigrants in Hawaiokinai. [ [http://www.nokaoimagazine.com/Top/web-exclusive_content/muddah_tongue.html "Muddah Tongue" audio file by Kathy Collins] ] It supplanted the pidgin Hawaiian used on the plantations and elsewhere in Hawaiokinai. It has been influenced by many languages, including Portuguese, Hawaiian, and Cantonese. As people of other language backgrounds were brought in to work on the plantations, such as Japanese, Filipinos, and Koreans, Pidgin acquired words from these languages. Japanese loanwords in Hawaiokinai lists some of those words originally from Japanese. It has also been influenced to a lesser degree by Spanish spoken by Mexican and Puerto Rican settlers in Hawaiokinai.

Even today, Pidgin retains some influences from these languages. For example, the word "stay" in Pidgin has the same meaning as the Portuguese verb "ficar", meaning "to stay" when referring to a temporary state or location. Sometimes the structure of the language is like that of Portuguese grammar. For instance, "You like one knife?" means "Would you like a knife?". The reason why the word "one" is used instead of "a" is because the word "um" in Portuguese has two meanings: "um" translates to "one" and "a" in English. The way people use the phrase "No can" ("não pode") is Portuguese grammar, as well. In Portuguese, the phrase "Você não pode fazer isso!" comes out in Pidgin as "You no can do dat!", and in English as "You cannot do that!".

Pidgin words derived from Cantonese are also seen in other parts of America. For example, the word "Haa?" is also used by Chinese Americans outside of Hawaiokinai. The meaning is "Excuse me?" or "What did you say?". Another word is "chop suey", a popular dish throughout America. In Hawaiokinai, it can also mean that someone is a variety of ethnicities. Another word in pidgin that was derived from the Chinese which is also seen in America is "lie dat", which means "like that" but in Hawaii it is pronounced "la'dat".Fact|date=July 2007

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Pidgin started to be used outside the plantation between ethnic groups. Public school children learned Pidgin from their classmates, and eventually it became the primary language of most people in Hawaiokinai, replacing the original languages. For this reason, linguists generally consider Hawaiian Pidgin to be a creole language.

Pronunciation

Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard American English (SAE). Some key differences include the following:

* Pidgin's general rhythm is "syllable-timed", meaning syllables take up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress. Standard American English is "stress-timed", meaning that only stressed syllables are evenly timed. Some Western languages, including English, are stress-timed, while most Romance and East Asian languages are syllable timed. Many pronunciation features are shared with other colloquial language forms or pidgins/creoles from other parts of the world. Even when a person is speaking Standard English, they will tend to pronounce syllables in the same manner, and this is often considered as having a "local" or "Hawaiian" accent.
* The voiced and unvoiced "th" sounds are replaced by "d" or "t" respectively—that is, changed from a fricative to a plosive (stop). For instance, "that" (voiced "th") becomes "dat", and "think" (unvoiced "th") becomes "tink".
* The sound "l" at the end of a word is often pronounced "o" or "ol". For instance, "mental" is often pronounced "mento"; "people" is pronounced "peepo".
* Pidgin is non-rhotic. That is, "r" after a vowel is often omitted, similar to many dialects, such as Eastern New England, Australian English, and English English variants. For instance, "car" is often pronounced "cah", and "letter" is pronounced "letta". Intrusive r is also used. The number of Hawaiian Pidgin speakers with rhotic English has also been increasing.
* "Falling" intonation is used at the end of questions. This feature appears to be from Hawaiian, and is shared with some other languages, including Fijian.

Grammatical Features

Pidgin also has distinct grammatical forms not found in SAE, but some of which are shared with other dialectal forms of English or may derive from other linguistic influences.

Forms used for SAE "to be":
*Generally, forms of English "to be" (i.e. the copula) are omitted when referring to inherent qualities of an object or person, forming in essence a stative verb form. Additionally, inverted sentence order may be used for emphasis. (Many East Asian languages use stative verbs instead of the copula-adjective construction of English and other Western languages.): "Da baby cute." (or) "Cute, da baby.": The baby is cute.

*When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary state or location, the word "stay" is used (see above).: "Da book stay on top da table.": The book is on the table.

: "Da water stay cold.": The water is cold.

For tense-marking of verb, auxiliary verbs are employed:
* To express past tense, Pidgin uses "wen" (went) in front of the verb.: "Jesus wen cry." (DJB, John 11:35): Jesus cried.

* To express future tense, Pidgin uses "goin" (going) in front of the verb, a declaratory word or verbum dicendi, common in many forms of slang American English.: "God goin do plenny good kine stuff fo him." (DJB, Mark 11:9): God is going to do a lot of good things for him.

* To express past tense negative, Pidgin uses "neva" (never). "Neva" can also mean "never" as in normal English usage; context sometimes, but not always, makes the meaning clear.: "He neva like dat.": He didn't want that. (or) He never wanted that.

* Use of "fo" (for) in place of the infinitive particle "to". Cf. dialectal form "Going for to carry me home.": "I tryin fo tink."or: "I try fo tink.": I'm trying to think.

* Popular phrases:

A variety of phrases are present in the language of local Hawaiians, including:

"Ho, cuz, I like sample" translates to "Could I have some?"

"You like try dat?" = "Do you want to try it?"

"No can" = "I can't"

For more information on grammar, also see Sakoda & Siegel (References, below) and the Pidgin Coup paper (External links, below).

Literature and performing arts

In recent years, writers from Hawaiokinai have written poems, short stories, and other works in Pidgin. This list included well-known Hawaiokinai authors such as Kent Bowman, James Grant Benton, Lois-Ann Yamanaka and Lee Tonouchi. A Pidgin translation of the New Testament (called "Da Jesus Book") has also been created, as has an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, or What You Will, titled in Pidgin "Twelf' Night, or Whateva."

Several theater companies in Hawaiokinai produce plays written and performed in Pidgin. The most notable of these companies is Kumu Kahua Theater.

Miscellaneous

Pidgin has its own sign language, called Hawaiian Pidgin Sign Language. Most users of Hawaiian Pidgin Sign Language are between the ages of 70 and 90. Ethnologue lists it as "nearly extinct," as most deaf people in Hawaiokinai use American Sign Language with some local signs. [ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=HPS Ethnologue 14 report for language code:HPS ] ]

ee also

* Da kine

External links

* [http://www.e-hawaii.com/fun/pidgin/default.asp e-Hawaii.com Searchable Pidgin English Dictionary]
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/ The Charlene Sato Center for Pidgin, Creole and Dialect Studies] , a center devoted to pidgin, creole, and dialect studies at the University of Hawaiokinai at Mānoa, Hawaiokinai. Also home of the Pidgin Coup, a group of academics and community members interested in Hawaiokinai Pidgin related research and education
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/pidgin.html Position Paper on Pidgin by the "Pidgin Coup"]
* [http://www.pidginbible.org Da Hawaiokinai Pidgin Bible] (see "Da Jesus Book" below)
* [http://www.dakinedictionary.com Da Kine Dictionary] , a project to create a Pidgin dictionary
* [http://www.thesimplevoice.com The Simple Voice] , Hawaii pidgin poetry and commentary
* [http://www.nokaoimagazine.com/Departments/liddo_bitta_tita/ts_tita.html "Liddo Bitta Tita"] Hawaiian Pidgin column written by Tita, alter-ego of Kathy Collins. "Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine" Vol.12 No.1 (Jan. 2008).
* [http://www.nokaoimagazine.com/Top/web-exclusive_content/tita2.html "Liddo Bitta Tita" audio file]

References

* "Da Jesus Book" (2000). Orlando: Wycliffe Bible Translators. ISBN 0-938978-21-7.
* Sakoda, Kent & Jeff Siegel (2003). "Pidgin Grammar: An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawaiokinai." Honolulu: Bess Press. ISBN 1-57306-169-7.
* Simonson, Douglas et al. (1981). "Pidgin to da Max." Honolulu: Bess Press. ISBN 0-935848-41-X.
* Tonouchi, Lee (2001). "Da Word." Honolulu: Bamboo Ridge Press. ISBN 0-910043-61-2.

Further reading

*cite book|title=Lonely Planet USA Phrasebook|author=Sally Stewart|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|date=2001-09-31|id=ISBN 1-86450-182-0|chapter=Hawaiian English|pages=262–266
*cite journal|author=Speidel, Gisela E.|date=1981|title=Language and reading: bridging the language difference for children who speak Hawaiian English|journal=Educational Perspectives|volume=20|pages=23–30
*cite journal|author=Speidel, G. E., Tharp, R. G., and Kobayashi, L.|date=1985|title=Is there a comprehension problem for children who speak nonstandard English? A study of children with Hawaiian English backgrounds|journal=Applied Psycholinguistics|volume=6|pages=83–96

Notes