Galois module

In mathematics, a Galois module is a G-module where G is the Galois group of some extension of fields. The term Galois representation is frequently used when the G-module is a vector space over a field or a free module over a ring, but can also be used as a synonym for G-module. The study of Galois modules for extensions of local or global fields is an important tool in number theory.

Examples

• Given a field K, the multiplicative group (K^s)^× of a separable closure of K is a Galois module for the absolute Galois group. Its second cohomology group is isomorphic to the Brauer group of K (by Hilbert's theorem 90, its first cohomology group is zero).

• If X is a smooth proper scheme over a field K then the ℓ-adic cohomology groups of its geometric fibre are Galois modules for the absolute Galois group of K.

Ramification theory

Let K be a valued field (with valuation denoted v) and let L/K be a finite Galois extension with Galois group G. For an extension w of v to L, let I_w denote its inertia group. A Galois module ρ : G → Aut(V) is said to be unramified if ρ(I_w) = {1}.

Galois module structure of algebraic integers

In classical algebraic number theory, let L be a Galois extension of a field K, and let G be the corresponding Galois group. Then the ring O_L of algebraic integers of L can be considered as an O_K[G]-module, and one can ask what its structure is. This is an arithmetic question, in that by the normal basis theorem one knows that L is a free K[G]-module of rank 1. If the same is true for the integers, that is equivalent to the existence of a normal integral basis, i.e. of α in O_L such that its conjugate elements under G give a free basis for O_L over O_K. This is an interesting question even (perhaps especially) when K is the rational number field Q.

For example, if L = Q(√-3), is there a normal integral basis? The answer is yes, as one sees by identifying it with Q(ζ) where

ζ = exp(2πi/3).

In fact all the subfields of the cyclotomic fields for p-th roots of unity for p a prime number have normal integral bases (over Z), as can be deduced from the theory of Gaussian periods (the Hilbert–Speiser theorem). On the other hand the Gaussian field does not. This is an example of a necessary condition found by Emmy Noether (perhaps known earlier?). What matters here is tame ramification. In terms of the discriminant D of L, and taking still K = Q, no prime p must divide D to the power p. Then Noether's theorem states that tame ramification is necessary and sufficient for O_L to be a projective module over Z[G]. It is certainly therefore necessary for it to be a free module. It leaves the question of the gap between free and projective, for which a large theory has now been built up.

Galois representations in number theory

Many objects that arise in number theory are naturally Galois representations. For example, if L is a Galois extension of a number field K, the ring of integers O_L of L is a Galois module over O_K for the Galois group of L/K (see Hilbert–Speiser theorem). If K is a local field, the multiplicative group of its separable closure is a module for the absolute Galois group of K and its study leads to local class field theory. For global class field theory, the union of the idele class groups of all finite separable extensions of K is used instead.

There are also Galois representations that arise from auxiliary objects and can be used to study Galois groups. An important family of examples are the ℓ-adic Tate modules of abelian varieties.

Artin representations

Let K be a number field. Emil Artin introduced a class of Galois representations of the absolute Galois group G_K of K, now called Artin representations. These are the continuous finite-dimensional linear representations of G_K on complex vector spaces. Artin's study of these representations led him to formulate the Artin reciprocity law and conjecture what is now called the Artin conjecture concerning the holomorphy of Artin L-functions.

Because of the incompatibility of the profinite topology on G_K and the usual (Euclidean) topology on complex vector spaces, the image of an Artin representation is always finite.

ℓ-adic representations

Let ℓ be a prime number. An ℓ-adic representation of G_K is a continuous group homomorphism ρ : G_K → Aut(M) where M is either a finite-dimensional vector space over Q_ℓ (the algebraic closure of the ℓ-adic numbers Q_ℓ) or a finitely generated Z_ℓ-module (where Z_ℓ is the integral closure of Z_ℓ in Q_ℓ). The first examples to arise were the ℓ-adic cyclotomic character and the ℓ-adic Tate modules of abelian varieties over K.

Unlike Artin representations, ℓ-adic representations can have infinite image. For example, the image of G_Q under the ℓ-adic cyclotomic character is $\mathbf{Z}_\ell^\times$. ℓ-adic representations with finite image are often called Artin representations. Via an isomorphism of Q_ℓ with C they can be identified with bona fide Artin representations.

For an extension L/K of global fields with Galois group G, a finite place v of K, and place w of L above v, a Galois module ρ : G → Aut(V) is said to be unramified at w if ρ(I_w) = {1} (where I_w is the inertia subgroup of w). Equivalently, the extension L^ker(ρ)/K is unramified at w. If ρ is not unramified at w it is called ramified at w.

Representations of the Weil group

If K is a local or global field, the theory of class formations attaches to K its Weil group W_K, a continuous group homomorphism φ : W_K → G_K, and an isomorphism of topological groups

$r_K:C_K\tilde{\rightarrow}W_K^{\text{ab}}$

where C_K is K^× or the idele class group I_K/K^× (depending on whether K is local or global) and W ab
K  is the abelianization of the Weil group of K. Via φ, any representation of G_K can be considered as a representation of W_K. However, W_K can have strictly more representations than G_K. For example, via r_K the continuous complex characters of W_K are in bijection with those of C_K. Thus, the absolute value character on C_K yields a character of W_K whose image is infinite and therefore is not a character of G_K (as all such have finite image).

An ℓ-adic representation of W_K is defined in the same way as for G_K. These arise naturally from geometry: if X is a smooth projective variety over K, then the ℓ-adic cohomology of the geometric fibre of X is an ℓ-adic representation of G_K which, via φ, induces an ℓ-adic representation of W_K. If K is a local field of residue characteristic p ≠ ℓ, then it is simpler to study the so-called Weil–Deligne representations of W_K.

Weil–Deligne representations

Let K be a local field. Let E be a field of characteristic zero. A Weil–Deligne representation over E of W_K (or simply of K) is a pair (r, N) consisting of

• a continuous group homomorphism r : W_K → Aut_E(V), where V is a finite-dimensional vector space over E equipped with the discrete topology,
• a nilpotent endomorphism N : V → V such that r(w)Nr(w)⁻¹= ||w||N for all w ∈ W_K.^[1]

These representations are the same as the representations over E of the Weil–Deligne group of K.

If the residue characteristic of K is different from ℓ, Grothendieck's ℓ-adic monodromy theorem sets up a bijection between ℓ-adic representations of W_K (over Q_ℓ) and Weil–Deligne representations of W_K over Q_ℓ (or equivalently over C). These latter have the nice feature that the continuity of r is only with respect to the discrete topology on V, thus making the situation more algebraic in flavor.

See also

• Compatible system of ℓ-adic representations

Notes

1. ^ Here ||w|| is given by q v(w)
   K  where q_K is the size of the residue field of K and v(w) is such that w is equivalent to the −v(w)th power of the (arithmetic) Frobenius of W_K.

References

• Kudla, Stephen S. (1994), "The local Langlands correspondence: the non-archimedean case", Motives, Part 2, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 55, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 365–392, ISBN 978-0-821-81635-6 
• Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4, MR1737196 
• Tate, John (1979), "Number theoretic background", Automorphic forms, representations, and L-functions, Part 2, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 33, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 3–26, ISBN 978-0-821-81437-6, http://www.ams.org/online_bks/pspum332/