Gay bathhouse

Gay bathhouses, also known as gay saunas or steam baths (and sometimes called, in gay slang in some regions, "the baths" or "the tubs"), are places where men can go to have sex with other men. Not all men who visit such bathhouses consider themselves gay. Bathhouses for women are much rarer, though some men's bathhouses will occasionally have "lesbian" or "women-only" nights.

Bathhouses vary considerably in size and amenities—from small establishments with ten or twenty rooms and a handful of lockers to multi-storey saunas with a variety of room styles or sizes and several steam baths, jacuzzi tubs, and sometimes even swimming pools—but nearly all have at least one steam room (or wet sauna), as well as showers, lockers, and small private rooms. Unlike at brothels, many bathhouses are membership only and customers pay only for the use of the facilities; sexual activity, if it occurs, is not provided as a service by staff of the establishment, but is between customers, and no money is exchanged. Many gay bathhouses explicitly prohibit or discourage prostitution and ban known prostitutes. [cite newspaper|publisher=Plain Dealer (Cleveland)|date=2006-07-21|title=Let's emphasize 'safe' part of safe sex|author=Regina Brett|quote=The Flex club opens in August. It's legal. No money is exchanged for sex. It's adults only. My copy of the U.S. Constitution still guarantees a right to privacy and freedom of assembly.]

History

Records of men meeting for sex with other men in bathhouses date back to the 15th century. A tradition of public baths dates back to the 6th century BC and there are many ancient records of homosexual activity in Greece. [(De Bonneville, 1998)] In the West, Gay men have been using bathhouses for sex since at least the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a time when homosexual acts were illegal in most Western countries and men who were caught engaging in homosexual acts were often arrested and publicly humiliated. Men began frequenting cruising areas such as bathhouses, public parks, alleys, train and bus stations, movie theaters, public lavatories (cottages or tearooms), and gym changing rooms where they could meet other men for sex. Some bathhouse owners tried to prevent sex between patrons while others, mindful of profits or prepared to risk prosecution, overlooked discreet homosexual activity.

Early records

;1492 Florence:In Florence, Italy, in 1492 there was a purge against the "vice of sodomy". The places used for homosexual acts were known to be taverns, baths, and "casini" (sheds or houses used for illicit sex and gambling). The "Eight of Watch" (the city's leading criminal court) issued several decrees associated with sodomy and on April 11, 1492 they warned the managers of bathhouses to keep out "suspect boys" on penalty of a fine. In the short period from April 1492 to February 1494 they convicted 44 men for homosexual relations not involving violence or aggravating circumstances. [(Rocke, 1996) page 203]

;1876 Paris:In France the first recorded police raid on a Parisian bathhouse was in 1876 in the "Bains de Gymnase" on the "Rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière". Six men aged 14 to 22 were prosecuted for an "offense against public decency" and the manager and two employees for "facilitating pederasty". [(Higgs, 1999) page 25]

;1903 New York:In the United States on February 21, 1903, New York police conducted the first recorded raid on a gay bathhouse, the "Ariston Hotel Baths". 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges; 7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison.(Chauncey, 1995)]

Early gay bathhouses

In New York City, the "Everard" (nicknamed the "Everhard") was converted from a church to a bathhouse in 1888 and was patronized by gay men before the 1920s and by the 1930s had a reputation as "classiest, safest, and best known of the baths." It was damaged by fire on May 25, 1977 when nine men died and several others were seriously injured. The Everard closed in 1986. [cite news
last=Bronstein
first=Scott
title=4 New York Bathhouses still operate under city's program of inspections
publisher=New York Times
date=May 3, 1987
url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD61F3DF930A35756C0A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all
accessdate=2006-12-22 ] Also popular in the 1910s were the "Produce Exchange Baths" and the "Lafayette Baths" (403-405 Lafayette Street, which from 1916 was managed by Ira & George Gershwin). The "Penn Post Baths" in a hotel basement (The Penn Post Hotel, 304 West 31st Street) was a popular gay location in the 1920s despite a lack of private rooms and seedy condition.(Miller, 1995) page 143]

In London, the Jermyn Street Turkish Bath became a favorite spot (opened in 1857 under David Urquhart's direction and survived until the 1970s). The journalist [http://ajlangguth.com/bio.htm A.J. Langguth] wrote: "... [The baths at Jermyn Street] represented a twilight arena for elderly men who came to sweat poisons from their systems and youths who came to strike beguiling poses in Turkish towels... although they were closely overseen by attendants, they provided a discreet place to inspect a young man before offering a cup of tea at Lyons." [(Gardiner, 1998)] Regulars included Rock Hudson.(Houlbrook, 2005)]

In the 1950s the "Bermondsey Turkish Baths" were rated by Kenneth Williams as "quite fabulous" in his diaries.Quotation|"Steambaths in the 1930s: "The steambaths that had been well known to me were those of East Ham, Greenwich and Bermondsey. In the first two it was frequently possible to indulge in what the Spartacus Guide coyly describes as 'action', but behaviour at all times had to be reasonably cautious. In the Grange Road baths in Bermondsey, however, all restraint could immediately be discarded with the small towels provided to cover your nakedness. [cite journal
last=Aspinall
first=Anthony
title=Celebration! Anthony Aspinall offers his recollections of some of London's steambaths of half-a-century ago
journal=Gay Times
issue=152
publisher=Millivres
month=May | year=1991
id=ISSN 0950-6101
accessdate=2006-12-25 ] |Anthony Aspinall|Gay Times

Modern gay bathhouses

In the 1950s exclusively gay bathhouses began to open in the United States. Though subject to vice raids, these bathhouses were "oases of homosexual camaraderie" and were, as they remain today, "places where it was safe to be gay," whether or not patrons themselves identified as homosexual. The gay baths offered a much safer alternative to sex in other public places.

In the late 1960s and 1970s, gay bathhouses — now primarily gay-owned and operated — became fully-licensed, gay establishments which soon became major gay institutions. These bathhouses served as informal gay meeting places, places where friends could meet and relax. Gay bathhouses frequently threw parties for Pride Day and were usually open on public holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas, when some gay men, particularly those who had been rejected by their families due to their sexual orientation, had nowhere to go. Another service offered by the baths was voter registration. In the run-up to the 1980 election, the "New St. Mark's Baths" in New York City, with the assistance of the League of Women Voters, conducted a voter registration drive on its premises.

In Sydney, Australia, the first gay steam bath was opened in 1967, the "Bondi Junction Steam Baths" at 109 Oxford Street. [(Wotherspoon, 1991)] From 1972 through to 1977 the following gay steam baths opened: "Ken's Karate Klasses" (nicknamed KKK) which is still trading in 2008 and now called "Ken's at Kensington", "No. 253, King Steam, Silhouette American Health Centre, Colt 107 Recreation Centre, Barefoot Boy" and "Roman Bath" (nicknamed Roman Ruins).(Prior, 2004) PhD Thesis] In Melbourne, Australia, the first gay bathhouse to be opened was "Steamworks" in Latrobe Street, Melbourne in 1979 (still open in 2008).

In Britain gay saunas were routinely raided by police up until the end of the 1980s (for example raids in May 1988 on "Brownies" in Streatham, the owner getting a six month jail sentence and a £5,000 fine, [cite journal
title=Policing Gay Sex
journal=Gay Times
issue=138
publisher=Millivres
month=March | year=1990
id=ISSN 0950-6101
accessdate=2006-12-26 Quote:"The draconian sentence (six months jail and a £5,000 fine) on the owner and manager of Brownies sauna for keeping a disorderly house is a case in point."] [cite journal
title=Sauna owner appeals against prison sentence
journal=Gay Times
issue=127
publisher=Millivres
month=April | year=1989
id=ISSN 0950-6101
accessdate=2006-12-28 Quote from Judge Sir David Hughes-Morgan: "There was also, he said, an 'element of corruption'. 'Anyone who came off the street merely to take a sauna... would be able to see what was going on and be invited to take part. The possibilities are quite devastating and the sentence must demonstrate society's shock and horror at what was going on.'"] and the "Brooklyn House Hotel" sauna in Manchester). [cite journal
title=Christian sect joins police attack on gay sauna
journal=Gay Times
issue=117
publisher=Millivres
month=June | year=1988
id=ISSN 0950-6101
accessdate=2006-12-25 ] By the 1990s, with increasing scrutiny of the costs of such operations (charges of "gross indecency" in a sauna normally needing the expense of undercover officers), a reduced likelihood of successful prosecution, concerns of being perceived as homophobic, and little public interest in "victimless" crime, gay saunas became free to operate without the risk of being raided by police. Also, police attitudes meant that they were more willing to turn a blind eye because they'd prefer such activity to take place in a contained environment rather than outdoors even though users were still committing the homosexual sexual offence of gross indecency, until gross indecency was wiped from ths statute books following the Sexual Offences Act 2003. However, being identified in such a sauna was still viewed by the press as scandalous; in November 1994 the "Incognito" sauna made mainstream press as the gay sauna where a priest had died of a heart attack and two other priests were on hand to help out. [cite news|date=1994-11-14|publisher=Irish Times|page=11|author=Alison O'Connor|title=Priest's body lay undetected for over two hours on floor of gay club, Medical student tried to revive curate who is thought to have had heart attack]

By then, though, gay bathhouses (or saunas, as they are more commonly known there) were present in most large cities in Australia and New Zealand. As homosexuality was decriminalised in New Zealand and most Australian states during the 1970s and 1980s, there was no criminal conduct occurring on the premises of such "sex on site venues".

Bathhouses today

Gay bathhouses today continue to fill much the same function as they did historically, although the community aspect has lessened somewhat in many areas, particularly in Western countries, with the increasing tendency of gay men to come out publicly.

Men still use bathhouses as a convenient, safe place to meet other men for sex, although in some areas where homosexuality is more accepted, safety may no longer be a primary attraction. Certainly bathhouses still offer convenience.

Many bathhouses are open twenty-four hours. There is typically a single customer entrance and exit. After paying at the main wicket, the customer is buzzed through the main door. This system allows establishments to screen potential trouble-makers; many bathhouses refuse entry to those who are visibly intoxicated, as well as to known prostitutes. In some areas, particularly where homosexuality is illegal, considered immoral, or viewed with hostility, this is a necessary safety precaution.

Sexual encounters at bathhouses are frequently, but not always, anonymous. They sometimes lead to relationships, but most often do not.fact|date=September 2008 Bathhouses are still used by men who do not identify as gay or bisexual, but who have sex with men, as well as by those who are closeted and/or in heterosexual relationships and by some men who identify primarily as heterosexual.

In many bathhouses the customer has a choice between renting a room or a locker, often for fixed periods of up to twelve hours. A room typically consists of a locker and a single bed (though doubles are sometimes available) with a thin vinyl mat supported on a simple wooden box or frame, an arrangement that facilitates easy cleaning between patrons. In many bathhouses (particularly those outside the United States), some or all of the rooms are freely available to all patrons.

Some men use the baths as a cheaper alternative to hotels,cite newspaper|publisher=LA Weekly (California)|date=2004-10-08|title=Best Places To Get Serviced With Zeal And Abandon|author=Ron Athey, Vaginal Davis|page=39|quote=Have you noticed that besides the deluxe safe-sex kits, every sauna we've visited has an on-site clinic for counseling and disease testing? Hopefully, they'll survive the current wave of attacks. The real survivor is the KLYT, having stayed open for almost an entire century as the Palace Turkish Baths... Nowadays, the KLYT is sexual in the day and at night they rent all the rooms (which are really just cubicles) to the homeless, which at $11 is cheaper than a hotel.] despite their limitations:
* They tend to be noisy, with piped music, pornography, and the activity of other patrons
* The rooms tend to be small (little more than a lockable windowless cubicle containing a locker, a simple bed and a small dustbin) and rather spartan. While a towel and a bedsheet are normally included, blankets or bedcovers are most often not provided. Even a simple electrical outlet may not be available in-room; many bathhouses provide only small lockable cubicles
* In most cases, there are no "in and out privileges"/"passouts", ability to leave the venue and return within a short period: leaving the club means relinquishing one's room or locker and reentering requires paying again

Bathhouses are not always identifiable as such from the outside. Some bathhouses are clearly marked and well lit, others have no marking other than a street address on the door. Bathhouses sometimes display the rainbow flag, which is commonly flown by businesses to identify themselves as gay-run or gay-friendly places (see inset Babylonia entrance). Bathhouses commonly advertise widely in the gay press and sometimes advertise in mainstream newspapers and other media. In 2003 Australia began airing possibly the world's first television advertisements for a gay bathhouse when advertisements on commercial television in Melbourne promoted [http://www.wetonwellington.com.au "Wet on Wellington"] , a sauna in Wellington Street, Collingwood.

The advent of the internet has made it significantly easier to find lovers and casual sex partners, and some men who used to frequent the baths may be using internet personals instead. However, for many men the baths offer other attractions: the opportunity for group sex or sex with several partners, public sex, the fantasy areas, convenience, and safety, and the use of steam saunas and jacuzzis and other amenities (see inset Sailor's advert featuring Wet 'n' Wild and Cabins & Cruisey areas). Some even still prefer the baths to internet sites such as gay.com because they feel as if they can see what they get.

Layout and typical amenities

On being buzzed in, the customer receives a towel and the key for his room or locker. Many bathhouses also provide free condoms and lubricant. Some establishments require a piece of identification or an item of value to be left with the front desk on entry. "Homosexualities"(Bell, 1979) page 239] emphasized the importance of the towel: Quotation|Visiting a downtown gay bath was in many ways like revisiting a high-school gym - everyone wearing the same towel, in the same color, on the same part of the body. There was no status consciousness in the social-stratification sense; the towel or loincloth created a sort of equal-status social group.|an ethnographer|Homosexualities, p239, 1979

Bathhouses are usually dimly lit, and pipe in music via a sound system. They are often laid out in fashion to allow or encourage customers to wander throughout the establishment; such a space is often referred to as a "maze".cite web
last=Woods
first=William J.
coauthors=Diane Binson
title=Gay Bathhouses and Public Health Policy
publisher=Haworth Press, ISBN 1560232730
year=2003
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=t2MsjlZT1LcC
accessdate=2008-07-10] Rooms are usually grouped together, as are lockers. Bathhouses are frequently decorated with posters of nude or semi-nude men, and sometimes explicit depictions of sex. It is not uncommon to see pornographic movies playing on wall-mounted televisions throughout the bathhouse.

Most men typically just wear the towel provided. Some bathhouses are clothing optional and some encourage total nudity. In some bathhouses nudity is forbidden in the common areas of the establishments. While some men may wear underwear or fetish-wear, in most bathhouses it is unusual for customers to remain fully or even partially dressed in street clothes. Barefeet are customary, though some men prefer to wear flip flops or sandals, mostly for foot protection. The room or locker key is usually suspended from an elastic band which can be worn around the wrist or ankle.cite web
last=Reynolds
first=Robert
coauthors=Gerard Sullivan
title=Gay Men's Sexual Stories: Getting It!
publisher=Haworth Press, ISBN 1560233192
year=2003
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=o5-5kyZ94LgC
accessdate=2008-07-10]

Some bathhouses require customers to purchase yearly memberships and many offer special entry rates to members or to students or other groups.cite web
last=Bedfellows
first=Dangerous
coauthors=Ephen Glenn Colter, Wayne Hoffman, Eva Pendleton, Alison Redick, David Serlin
title=Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics and the Future of AIDS Activism
publisher=South End Press Press, ISBN 089608549X
year=1996
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=FqMoLytiNlUC
accessdate=2008-07-10] In some countries, bathhouses can restrict entrance to men of certain age ranges (apart from the general requirement of being an adult) or physical types, although in other places this would be considered illegal discrimination. Some bathhouses hold occasional "leather", "underwear", or other theme nights.

The customer undresses; storing his clothing in the locker provided, and is then free to wander throughout the public areas of the bathhouse, which may include:

* showers
* steam rooms (sometimes more than one)
* jacuzzi tubs (often located in the steam room)
* dry saunas
* tanning booths
* gymnasium facilities
* swimming or lap pools (indoor or outdoor)
* dance areas
* mazes
* dark rooms
* glory holes
* theme rooms or areas
* orgy rooms (non-existent in some states due to state laws)
* video areas playing pornography
* relaxation areas with non-pornographic movies or television
** some with padded banquets
** comfortable couches and chairs
** free Gay and Lesbian magazines, or newspapers
** tourist brochures and health information pamphlets
* smoking room - fully enclosed and vented outside; often in cities with indoor smoking bans
* café areas where food and/or drinks can be purchased from vending machines or a staffed counter
* bars or full restaurants (these are relatively unusual)
* video games, pool tables
* a counter, often at the entrance, where patrons can buy various items:
** lubricants
** condoms (often free)
** straps and rings for erection aids
** liquid inhalants (poppers) - where legal
** bottled soft drinks or water
** snacks
** mouthwash, toothbrush, toothpaste
** comb, razor, shaving cream
* outdoor gardens or patios with various amenities:
** swimming pools, lounge chairs, jacuzzi tubs
** lush plantings with pathways
** a simple outdoor smoking area with a few chairs and tables
** some host a free Sunday Bar-B-Que
* open air rooftop decks with various amenities:
** plants and small potted trees in a garden setting
** redwood deck and lounge chairs
** jacuzzi tubs and/or open air showers
** simple converted rooftop with artificial grass, assorted chairs, tables and lounges

In the 1970s bathhouses began to install "fantasy environments" which recreated erotic situations that were illegal or dangerous: [http://www.gaytubs.com/ahistory.htm GayTubs.com] The history of gay bathhouses] Quotation|Orgy rooms . . . encouraged group sex, while glory holes recreated (public) toilets, and mazes took the place of bushes and undergrowth (in public parks). Steam rooms and gyms were reminiscent of the cruisy YMCAs, while video rooms recreated the balconies and back rows of movie theaters. A popular Chicago bathhouse called [http://www.manscountrychicago.com/about.html Man‘s Country] provided a full-size model of an Everlast truck where visitors could have sex in the cab or in the rear, which served as an orgy room . . . Man's Country also offered a . . . fake prison cell made of rubber bars.|Eddie Coronado| [http://www.gaytubs.com/ahistory.htm The history of gay bathhouses]

Many bathhouses have small shops selling such items as food and drinks, cigarettes, pornography, sex toys, latex gloves, massage oils and lubricants, razors and shaving cream, aftershave and cologne, toothbrushes, hair products, and related items. Some also sell condoms, shower gel, shampoo, and hair conditioner, but these are usually provided free. Some bathhouses also provide non-sexual services such as massage and reflexology.cite web
last=Chung
first=Jen
title=East Village Baths Embroiled in Steamy Lawsuit
publisher=Gothamist
date=September 18, 2007
url =http://gothamist.com/2007/09/18/east_village_ba.php
accessdate=2008-07-10]

Etiquette

Customers typically divide their time between the showers/saunas/jacuzzis and the main areas of the establishment. Customers who have rented rooms may choose to rest there from time to time, while those who have rented lockers must rest in the public areas such as the café or lounge.

Customers who have rooms may leave their room doors open to signal that they are available for sex. An open door can also be an invitation for others to watch or join in sexual activity that is already occurring. In these situations, a partially open door often means that observation from outside the room is desired, but entry into the room is not wanted. A door that is completely open however, usually signifies that anyone is welcome to join in the activity inside the room. In all situations, it is considered poor etiquette to simply walk into a room without some form of invitation by the occupant. When a room is occupied only by a single person, some men will position themselves to suggest what they might like from someone joining them in the room: those who would like to be penetrated anally ("bottoms") will sometimes lie face down on the bed with the door open, while those who prefer to penetrate others ("tops") or to engage in fellatio might lie face up. [ [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/08.29.96/gay-bath-9635.html Both Sides Now] ; Richard Sine; Metro: Silicon Valley's Weekly Newspaper; August 29-September 4, 1996 issue; Accessed 2008-07-04]

In the past, the baths served as community spaces for gay men. Even now, some men choose to go to the baths with their friends (even though they may not necessarily have sex with each other). While many men talk to each other at the baths, even forming long-lasting friendships or relationships, many others do not, preferring, for various reasons, anonymity.

Interested men will usually look at each other; in this highly sexualized environment a look is frequently enough to express interest. A nod signals interest, while looking away or shaking the head is usually enough to signal a lack of interest, though sometimes people misunderstand or refuse to take the hint. Such men are called "trolls". In darkened areas of the establishment including the mazes, video rooms, group sex areas, and the saunas or hot tubs (but not generally in the showers, toilets, hallways, gyms, café areas, and lounges), men are usually free to touch other patrons; it is expected and usually — but not always — welcomed. A shake of the head, or pushing away the other's hand, means that the attention is not welcomed. [ [http://www.bathhouseblues.com/bathhouse_etiquette.html Bathhouse Etiquette] ; Accessed 2008-07-04] Quotation|I normally find people with groping don’t go away. You really have to as theygrope your crotch area grab their hand and push it away and there have beentimes when I’ve had to do that three, two or three or four times before theyactually get the message. There’s also been times when I actually just had to sayto them to f*** off.|"Richard"|The Social Construction of Sexual Practice (PhD Thesis, Juliet Richters)

Some establishments allow or encourage sex in public areas (albeit usually excluding the hallways, toilets, cafés, gyms, and lounges) while others do not; in some jurisdictions such activity is prohibited, and sex must be confined to private rooms. In such areas individual bathhouses enforce these rules to varying degrees, often at their own legal risk. Some forbid sex in pools for hygiene reasons; in the United Kingdom, the requirement is often set by the local authority's Environmental Health department. Customers are usually free to watch others masturbating or having sex in public areas, and also to join in, providing none of the participants objects.

In areas where sex is either not encouraged or not permitted, customers will usually be required to wear towels and anyone not doing so will be reprimanded by a member of staff. This requirement may be waived if the establishment has a "wear what you want" day.

Where condoms and lubricant are provided free of charge, it is considered ill-mannered to take away excessive amounts. If the management considers that excessive amounts of these items are being removed they will either put up notices asking people to not do this, or require customers to collect these items from the café or other staffed area.

Risky behaviour

exually transmitted diseases

From the mid-1980s onwards there was lobbying against gay bathhouses blaming them for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), in particular HIV, and this forced their closure in some jurisdictions (see Legal issues, below). [cite news
first=Jane
last=Gross
title=Bathhouses reflect AIDS concerns
url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=980DE7D71139F937A25753C1A963948260
publisher=The New York Times
date=October 14, 1985
accessdate=2006-12-26
quote=At the St. Marks Baths, for the price of a locker or a room, patrons now get a free condom, enclosed in a package that bears the legend "the contents of this envelope could save your life."] [(Woods, 2003)] Sociologist Stephen O. Murray, writes that, "there was never any evidence presented that going to bathhouses was a risk-factor for contracting AIDS." [(Murray, 1996)]

In some countries, fears about the spread of STDs have prompted the closing of bathhouses—with their private rooms—in favour of sex clubs, in which all sexual activity takes place in the open, and can be observed by monitors whose job it is to enforce safe-sex practices. However, proponents of bathhouses point out that closing these facilities does not prevent people from engaging in unsafe sex.

Neither the claim that bathhouses are responsible for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, nor the claim that they are not, has been conclusively proved, but it is known that STDs are spread via unprotected sex, and as part of their membership agreement, or as a condition of entry, some bathhouses now require customers to affirm in writing that they will only practice safe sex on the premises, and venues frequently provide free condoms, latex gloves, and lubrication (and/or have them available for purchase).cite web
last=Sine
first=Richard
title=Both Sides Now: The South Bay's only gay bathhouse profits while promoting protected sex. Bathhouse opponents wonder if casual sex can really be safe.
publisher=Metro Active
date=August 29, 1996
url =http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/08.29.96/gay-bath-9635.html
accessdate=2008-07-10] In New Zealand and Australia, the [http://www.nzaf.org.nz New Zealand AIDS Foundation] and constituent members of the [http://www.afao.org.au Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations] provide safe sex information for sex on site venue users.

Some anti-bathhouse activists argue that these measures are not enough, especially given that it is virtually impossible to monitor sexual activity in a bathhouse; however, while they acknowledge that closing gay bathhouses may force some men into unsafe or illegal situations in public parks and lavatories, they point out that they may be less likely to engage in anal or multipartner sex—both of which put participants at risk for contracting STDs—in such situations. [Santana, Hedimo and Richters, Juliet: "Sites of Sexual Activities among Men. Sex-on-premises venues in Sydney", Monograph 5/1998, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Sydney]

Others counter these claims by pointing out that bathhouses are a major source of safer sex information—they provide pamphlets and post safer sex posters prominently (often on the walls of each room as well as in the common areas), provide free condoms and lubricants, and often require patrons to affirm that they will only have safer sex on the premises. In cities with larger gay populations, STD and HIV testing and counseling may be offered on-site for no charge.cite web
last=Westerfelt
first=Alex
title=Bathhouse Norms: What goes on in the Bathhouse?
publisher=Healthy Living
month=August | year=2005
url =http://www.4healthyliving.org/05aug.htm
accessdate=2008-07-10] cite web
last=Bernstein
first=Sharon
title=Rising Rate of HIV Infection Renews Bathhouse Debate
publisher=Los Angeles Times
date=March 23, 2004
url =http://articles.latimes.com/2004/mar/23/local/me-bathhouse23
accessdate=2008-07-10]

Drugs and alcohol

A related issue is that of drug and alcohol consumption. In some countries, most bathhouses are prohibited from selling alcohol, but in other countries, such as Japan, they are not. (In Canada, where some bathhouses serve alcohol, a bathhouse holding a liquor license may be required to submit to liquor inspections, which activists claim are often a pretext for regulating gay sexual activity.) Many bathhouses deny entry to those who are visibly intoxicated but do not—or cannot—regulate the consumption of drugs (typically alcohol, marijuana, poppers, ecstasy, and cocaine) by their patrons. This is a problem because the use of drugs and alcohol may make people more likely to engage in unsafe sex.cite web
last=Nichols
first=Eve K.
title=Mobilizing Against AIDS: The Authoritative Edition from the Institute of Medicine; Academy of Sciences
publisher=Harvard University Press; ISBN 0674577620
year=1989
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=I-h3_h0WK6QC
accessdate=2008-07-10] Intravenous drug users may be more likely to share needles, considered a very high risk activity, while under the effects of narcotics. Sex clubs, which have no private areas, find it easier to regulate consumption of drugs on their premises.

The use of Crystal meth is also known to lead to riskier sexual behaviour, but since gay Crystal users tend to seek out other users to engage in sexual activity, they often prefer to make such arrangements via the Internet.

Prostitution

In some countries straight and gay bathhouses are used by rent boys to find customers by offering massage services, the "complete service" is often used as a euphemism for sex. [(Aggleton, 1999) p.116-122] Quotation
All interviewees were asked whether or not they used condoms, and all with the exception of Fabian, said they used them when having penetrative sex with clients. For fellatio, sometimes they used condoms and sometimes not... For him (Fabian), it was all the same whether he used a condom or not. He also talked about the drugs he had taken, pure alcohol, crack cocaine, and "sometimes I inject, maybe 15 times I've injected, crystal, cocaine and sometimes heroin."
Interviews with "masajistas" (masseurs) in a Mexico City gay bathhouse, Peter Aggleton
Men who Sell Sex
1999

Legal issues

Canada

;Toronto bathhouse raids of 1981:On February 5, 1981, 150 police raided four gay bathhouses in Toronto, Ontario: the Club Baths, the Romans II Health and Recreation Spa, the "Richmond Street Health Emporium", and "The Barracks". The "Richmond Health Emporium" was so badly damaged in the raid that it never reopened. Nicknamed "Operation Soap", the raid resulted in the arrests of 268 men who were charged as "found-ins" ("found in a bawdy house") and 19 others who were charged as "keepers of a common bawdy house". There was an immediate and angry response from both the gay and lesbian community and others who condemned the raids as unconstitutional, and over 3,000 people gathered in downtown streets in protest. Over 1,400 people joined the "Right to Privacy Committee" to set up a defense campaign for those charged in the raids and to organize a second demonstration which took place on February 20, and included over 4,000 people who gathered at Queen's Park and marched to Metro Toronto Police's 52 Division. See 1981 Toronto bathhouse raids for more information.

;Raid on Pussy Palace:In 2000, Toronto police raided " [http://www.pussypalacetoronto.com/news_articles.php Pussy Palace] ", a women's night at a bathhouse called "Club Toronto". Police, almost all of them male, entered the establishment and walked around, taking the names and addresses of some 10 women and “aggressively questioned” volunteers. A "Pussy Palace" organizer stated “ [m] any women at the event were deeply angered and traumatized.”cite news
last=Brown
first=Eleanor
title=A bureaucratic halt at police board / While cop threatens Kyle Rae with lawsuit
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2000-10-05
url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=1416657
accessdate=2008-07-10 ]

:Canadian filmmaker and actor Sky Gilbert argued that the women had a right to privacy and the police had violated that right: "What happened at Club Toronto last Friday night is that these women were raped; not physically, but morally, emotionally and spiritually. They had established a haven - a safe, private space to explore their sexuality (which is still held in contempt by most of society) - and these police officers violated it." [cite news
last=Gilbert
first=Sky
title=Bathhouse raid a sexist outrage
work=Pink Panther
publisher=Eye Weekly
date=September 21, 2000
url=http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_09.21.00/columns/pink.html
accessdate=2006-12-26 ]

;Raid on Goliath's:In December 2002, Calgary police raided "Goliath's", one of the city's oldest baths, resulting in charges against 19 men. Fifteen men were arrested in the raid. Thirteen customers were charged as "found-ins" (found in a common bawdy house without a legal excuse) and two staff members were charged with the more serious offense of keeping a common bawdy house. The customers faced up to two years in prison. In addition, the owners of the bathhouse and a third staff member were later charged with keeping a common bawdy house. The Canadian media declined to publish the names of the men. [cite news
last=Perelle
first=Robin
title=Goliath's Raid, Calgary Chief refuses to meet with gays after raid
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2002-12-26
url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=224487
accessdate=2006-12-23 ]

:At issue is the bawdy house section of the Criminal Code, a law that was created in Victorian times to regulate prostitution. The code defines a bawdy house as a place where prostitution and/or indecent acts occur. Lawyers for the defense argued that since police were not alleging any prostitution took place at Goliath's, they were thus arguing that gay sex was by definition indecent.

:On May 27, 2004, a judge ruled that the police had reasonable justification to raid Goliath's.cite web
last=Gulliver
first=Tanya
title=Harnessed anger: Living History / The sound of smashing bathhouse doors in 1981 is still with us
publisher=Xtra
date=February 2, 2006
url =http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=3&STORY_ID=1326&PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=5
accessdate=2008-07-10] Defense lawyers countered that none of the anonymous information the police acted upon — for example that live sex shows were being staged and drugs sold on the premises — featured in the charges made against the seventeen men. They also pointed out that the police failed to call in the force's gay community liaison officer.cite news
last=Steele
first=Amy
title=Fishing in a bathhouse: Goliath's Bathhouse / Calgary Crown says jerking off at tubs is indecent
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2005-02-17
url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=2278472
accessdate=2008-07-10 ]

:Goliath's reopened a little more than a month after the raid and remains open.

:In November 2004, the Crown stayed the found-in charge against the last remaining patron, saying it was no longer in the public interest to pursue the case. The case against the owners and managers of Goliath's, however, was expected to come to trial in February 2005, with the defendants having to prove that the activity that the police allegedly witnessed at Goliath's was not indecent.

:Terry Haldane, the only "found-in" patron who was actively fighting the charge against him, accused the Crown of dropping the charge because Haldane and his lawyers had given notice of their plan to challenge the bawdy house law all the way to the Supreme Court. Haldane has stated that he will continue his fight, though he will now have to mount a new legal challenge.

:In February 2005, all remaining charges in the case were dropped. The court cited a lack of community support and evidence (from a poll) that the community supported the existence of gay bathhouses by a small margin.cite news
last=Steele
first=Amy
title=Crown stays remaining Goliath's charges, After survey shows Calgarians tolerate gay bathhouses
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2005-02-17
url=http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=4&STORY_ID=354&PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=2
accessdate=2006-12-23 ]

;Raid on Hamilton's Warehouse Spa:On August 3, 2004, "Hamilton's Warehouse Spa and Bath" was "inspected" by a task force of officers from the police, public health, the city's building and licensing department, the fire department, and the alcohol and gaming commission. Two men were arrested and charged with committing indecent acts. [cite news
last=Gulliver
first=Tanya
title=Charged for bathhouse sex, Hamilton cops go after gay businesses, play dumb
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2004-08-19
url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=15191792
accessdate=2006-12-23 ] [cite news
last=Gallant
first=Paul
title=Erection-killing cops, Lies & denials follow the Hamilton bust
publisher=Capital Xtra
date=2004-08-19
url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=15191791
accessdate=2006-12-23 ]

United States

that limited sexual practices and disallowed renting of private rooms in bathhouses, so that sexual activity could be monitored, as a public health measure. Some of the bathhouses tried to live within the strict rules of this court order, but many of them felt they could not easily do business under the new rules and closed. Eventually, the few remaining actual bathhouses succumbed to either economic pressures or the continuing legal pressures of the city and finally closed. Several sex clubs, which were not officially bathhouses, continued to operate indefinitely and operate to this day, though following strict rules under the court order and city regulations.

The following year the New York City Health Department ordered that city's gay bathhouses closed; as an unintended consequence, heterosexual sex clubs such as the notorious Plato's Retreat had to shut down as well because the city had just passed a gay rights ordinance, and allowing the heterosexual clubs to remain open while closing the gay establishments would have been a violation of the newly-approved law. [cite news |last=Golubski|first=Suzanne |coauthors=Kappstatter, Bob |work=Daily News |title=Swinging doors shut: City probe KO's Plato's |url=http://www.wmob.com/artpages/platos1.html |accessdate=2007-11-08]

China

In March 2008 a series of police raids in gay bathhouses and at gay meeting spots in Beijing have resulted in arrests and bathhouse closures. This included raids on two branches of the "Oasis" bathhouses, known to be the most popular in Beijing. [cite web
url=http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=29851|title=Police reportedly close Beijing gay bathhouses|publisher=Pridesource|accessdate=2008-04-07] [cite web|url=http://shanghaiist.com/2008/03/31/a_big_gay_crack.php|title=Shanghaiist: A big gay crackdown in Beijing?|publisher=Shanghaiist|accessdate=2008-04-07] [cite newspaper|title=Beijing: Police raid bathhouses|publisher=Pink Paper|page=11|date=2008-04-02] Sodomy was decriminalized in China in 1997. [cite news|date=2000-01-24|publisher=The Washington Post|author=John Pomfret|title=Among Chinese, a Low-Key Gay Liberation; Openness Replacing Ostracism as Homosexuality Gains Some Acceptance|page=A01]

Famous bathhouse regulars

;Truman Capote:The American writer Truman Capote (1924–1984) was a regular at the baths in the 1970s and in particular the sauna at "West 58th Street".(Kaiser, 1997)]

;Scott Capurro:The comedian, actor and writer Scott Capurro (1962) is based in San Francisco and London. His comedy material often refers to his experience of gay life and culture.

;Charles Demuth:American

;Charles Griffes:The American composer Charles Griffes (1884-1920) wrote in his diaries about his gay life including visits to the New York bathhouses and the YMCA. His biography states: "So great was his need to be with boys, that though his home contained two pianos, he chose to practice at an instrument at the Y, and his favorite time was when the players were coming and going from their games". [(Gustav-Wrathall, 1998)]

;Justin Fashanu:The first openly gay British footballer Justin Fashanu (1961–1998) spent his last night in Chariots Roman Spa. His suicide was due to press reports that the US authorities were planning to extradite him and charge him with sexual assault (there was in fact no warrant). His suicide note claimed that the sexual encounter had been consensual and that the youth contacted police only after Fashanu refused to pay him blackmail.

;Michel Foucault:The influential 20th century French Philosopher Michel Foucault (1926–1984) visited bathhouses in California in the 1970s. He died of AIDS-related causes in 1984.

;Rock Hudson:American film and television actor Rock Hudson (1925–1985). Hudson was one of the first major Hollywood celebrities to die from AIDS related causes.citation|title=Under the Rainbow|author=John Carlyle, Robert Osborne, Chris Freeman|date=2006|isbn=0786718536|publisher=Carroll & Graf " [Rock Hudson] nursed many a hangover in the Hollywood bathhouses. He chose Craig and me to be his confidants when he had crabs, that niggling hazard of promiscuity (before the penalty became life-threatening)."]

;Mikhail Kuzmin:Russian poet, novelist and composer Mikhail Kuzmin (1872–1936) is known to have patronized bathhouses. Some of the bathhouses in St. Petersburg at the time became known as friendly to gay men and provided "attendants," who might provide sexual services for a fee. In his diary, Kuzmin writes of one bathhouse visit: "the evening I had the urge to go to a bathhouse simply to be stylish, for the fun of it, for cleanliness." [(Aldrich, 2000)]

;Rudolf Nureyev:The Russian dancer Rudolf Nureyev (1938-1993) was known to frequent the baths in New York.

Celebrities and the "Continental Baths"

Singer Bette Midler is well-known for getting her start at the famous Continental Baths in New York City the early 1970s, where she earned the nickname Bathhouse Betty. It was there, accompanied by pianist Barry Manilow (who, like the bathhouse patrons, sometimes wore only a white towel"The History of Gay Bathhouses." Online. Accessed February 23, 2004. Available: http://www.gaytubs.com/ahistory.htm] ) that she created her stage persona "the Divine Miss M."

On getting her start in bathhouses, Midler has remarked:

Despite the way things turned out [with the AIDS crisis] , I'm still proud of those days [when I got my start singing at the gay bathhouses] . I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement, and I hope I did my part to help it move forward. So, I kind of wear the label of 'Bathhouse Betty' with pride. [cite news
title=Bette Midler
publisher=Houston Voice
date=October 23, 1998
url=http://www.houstonvoice.com
accessdate=]

Other famous performers who appeared at the "Continental" include Melba Moore, Labelle, Peter Allen, Cab Calloway, The Manhattan Transfer, John Davidson, and Wayland Flowers.

ee also

* Bath house
* Continental Baths
* , Public sex
* Hall-Carpenter Archives

Footnotes

References

;Books
*cite book
last=Aggleton
first=Peter
title=Men who Sell Sex
publisher=UCL Press
isbn=1857288637
year=1999
* cite book
last=Aldrich
first=Robert
title=Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History Vol.1
publisher=Routledge
year=2000
pages=528 pages
url=http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=9780415159821&parent_id=&pc=/shopping_cart/search/search.asp?search%3Dwho%2527s%2Bwho%2Bgay%2Blesbian%26sortBy%3D1%26pn%3D2
isbn=0415306515
* cite book
last=Bell
first=Alan
title=Homosexualities, a study of diversity among men and women
publisher=Mitchell Beazley
year=1979
pages=505 pages
id=ISBN 0855331445
quote=An Official Publication of The Institute for Sex Research founded by Alfred C. Kinsey
* cite book
last=Chauncey
first=George
title=Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940
publisher=Basic Books; Reprint edition
year=1995
pages=496 pages
url=
id=ISBN 0465026214
* cite book
last=De Bonneville
first=Francoise
title=The Book of the Bath
publisher=Rizzoli
year=1998
location=
pages=208 pages
id=ISBN 084782134X
* cite book
last=Dynes
first=Wayne
title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
publisher=St. James Press
year=1990
location=
pages=
url=
doi=
id=ISBN 1-55862-147-4
* cite book
last=Gardiner
first=James
title=Who's a Pretty Boy, Then?: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Gay Life in Pictures
publisher=Serpent's Tail
year=1998
pages=240 pages
id=ISBN 1852425946
*cite book
last=Gmunder
first=Bruno
title=Spartacus International Sauna Guide 2007
publisher=Bruno Gmunder Verlag Gmbh; Revised edition
date=October 1, 2006
pages=320 pages
id=ISBN 3861874261
* cite book
last=Gustav-Wrathall
first=John Donald
title=Take the Young Stranger by the Hand
publisher=University of Chicago Press
year=1998
pages=288 pages
url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13579
doi=
id=ISBN 0226907848
* cite book
last=Higgs
first=David
authorlink=
coauthors=
title=Queer Sites, gay urban histories since 1600
publisher=Routledge
year=1999
location=
pages=
url=http://gaybookreviews.info/review/3209/703
doi=
id=ISBN 0-415-15898-2
* cite book
last=Houlbrook
first=Matt
title=Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918-1957
publisher=The University of Chicago Press
month=September | year=2005
pages=398 pages
id=ISBN 0226354601
* cite book
last=Kaiser
first=Charles
title=The Gay Metropolis: 1940-1996
publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
year=1997
pages=404 pages
id=ISBN 0395657814
* cite book
last=Malmstad
first=John
authorlink=
coauthors=Nikolay Bogomolov
title=Mikhail Kuzmin, A Life in Art
publisher=Harvard University Press
month=April | year=1999
location=
pages=496 pages
url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/MALLIF.html
doi=
id=ISBN 0-674-53087-X
* cite book
last=Miller
first=Neil
title=Out of the Past, Gay and Lesbian history from 1869 to the present
publisher=Vintage
year=1995
location=
pages=657 pages
url=
doi=
id=ISBN 0-09-957691-0 (2005 rev. ed. ISBN 1555838707)
* cite book
last=Murray
first=Stephen O.
title=American Gay
publisher=University of Chicago Press
year=1996
pages=345 pages
url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13041
id=ISBN 0226551911
chapter=Chapter 4: The Promiscuity Paradigm, AIDS, and Gay Complicity with the Remedicalization of Homosexuality
* cite book
last=Rocke
first=Michael
title=Forbidden friendships : homosexuality and male culture in Renaissance Florence
publisher=Oxford University Press
year=1996
pages=
url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32893164?tab=details
id=ISBN 0195069757
* cite book
last=Woods
first=William J.
title=Gay Bathhouses and Public Health Policy
publisher=Harrington Park Press Inc.,U.S.
year=2003
pages=253 pages
url=
id=ISBN 1560232730
* cite book
last=Wotherspoon
first=Garry
title=City of the Plain
publisher=Hale & Iremonger
year=1991
pages=256 pages
id=ISBN 0868064203

;Journal articles and theses
* cite book
last=Prior
first=Jason Hugh
title=Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000, Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (PhD Thesis)
publisher=University of New South Wales
year=2004
url=http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20050629.094446/index.html
id=
* cite book
last=Richters
first=Juliet
title=The Social Construction of Sexual Practice: Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men (PhD Thesis)
publisher=University of Sydney, Public Health and Community Medicine
year=2006
url=http://hdl.handle.net/2123/352
id=
*cite journal
author=Richters, Juliet
year=2007
title=Through a Hole in a Wall: Setting and Integration in Sex-on-Premises Venues
journal=Sexualities
volume=10
number = 3
pages=275–297
doi=10.1177/1363460707078319

;Newspaper and magazine articles
* cite news
last=Osbourne
first=Duncan
coauthors=
title=El Mirage Closed
journal=Gay City News
date=November 30, 2006
url=http://www.gaycitynews.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=17533294&BRD=2729&PAG=461&dept_id=569341&rfi=6
accessdate=2006-12-29
quote=Citing violations of a state health code that bars oral, anal, and vaginal sex in businesses, the city on November 15 closed El Mirage, a sex club that has operated at 253 East Houston since 1999.
* cite journal
last=Lamore
first=Lance
authorlink=Fab (magazine)
title=A guide to bathhouse etiquette
issue=296
journal=fab Magazine: The gay scene magazine
month=June | year=2006
url=http://www.fabmagazine.com/features/296/tubs.html
accessdate=2007-01-06
quote=Here’s a handy list of tips to help make the experience more fun for everyone.
* cite news
last=Herscher
first=Elaine
coauthors=
title=Gay Bathhouse Issue Prompts Partisan Fervor
publisher=San Francisco Chronicle
date=June 14, 1999
url=http://www.aegis.com/news/sc/1999/SC990601.html
accessdate=2006-12-22
* cite journal
last=Pebody
first=Roger
title=Tales of the steam
journal=Gay Times
issue=237
publisher=Millivres
month=June | year=1998
id=ISSN 0950-6101
accessdate=2006-12-25

;Websites
* cite web
last=Coronado
first=Eddie
title=The history of gay bathhouses
publisher=Gaytubs.com
url=http://www.gaytubs.com/ahistory.htm
accessdate=2006-12-23
* cite web
url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=7774
title=Gay Bathhouse: Straight Boy Undercover
accessdate=2006-12-27
last=Levin
first=Rick
date=June 21, 2001
publisher=The Stranger
quote=Men are dogs. Put 'em in a kennel, and you get pretty much what you'd expect.

External links

;Bathhouse Lists
*
*
*
*
*
*;Particularly noteworthy bathhouses
* sauna in Auckland, NZ
* sauna chain in London
* Newly rebuilt sauna in Brighton & Hove.
* sauna in Atlanta, Cleveland, Columbus, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Phoenix, USA;History
* historical directory of British Baths