Shell Oil Company

This article is about the U.S. oil company. For the multinational parent company, see Royal Dutch Shell.

Shell Oil Company

Industry	Oil, energy
Headquarters	Houston, Texas, US
Key people	Marvin E. Odum, President
Revenue	US$ 2.147 billion (2008)
Employees	24,008 (2008)
Parent	Royal Dutch Shell
Website	Shell USA Official website

One Shell Plaza, Shell Oil Company's headquarters in Houston.

Shell Oil Company is the United States-based subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, a multinational oil company ("oil major") of Anglo Dutch origins, which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world. Approximately 22,000 Shell employees are based in the U.S. The head office in the U.S. is in Houston, Texas. Shell Oil Company, including its consolidated companies and its share in equity companies, is one of America’s largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, gasoline marketers and petrochemical manufacturers.

Shell is the market leader through approximately 25,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the US which also serve as Shell's most visible public presence. Shell Oil Company is a 50/50 partner with the Saudi Arabian government-owned oil company Saudi Aramco in Motiva Enterprises, a refining and marketing joint venture which owns and operates three oil refineries on the Gulf Coast of the United States. It also holds 80% of an exploration firm called Pecten that explores and drills in various offshore locations including the oil basin near Douala, Cameroon in cooperation with the French government-owned Elf Aquitaine (now Total).^[1]

A Shell gas station near Lost Hills, California

Shell products include oils, fuels, and card services as well as exploration, production, and refining of petroleum products.^[2] The Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California, the first Shell refinery in the United States,^[3] supplies Shell and Texaco stations in the West and Midwest.^[4]

Shell gasolines used to include the RU2000 and SU2000 lines (later there was a SU2000E) but they have been superseded by the V-Power line.^[5]

In 1997 Shell and Texaco entered into two refining/marketing joint ventures. One combined their midwestern and western operations and was known as Equilon. The other, known as Motiva, combined the eastern and gulf coast operations of Shell Oil and Star Enterprise, itself a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Texaco.^[6] After Texaco merged with Chevron in 2001, Shell purchased Texaco's shares in the joint ventures.^[7] In 2002, Shell began converting these Texaco stations to the Shell brand, a process that was to be completed by June 2004, "the largest retail re-branding initiative in American business history."^[8]

Relationship with Royal Dutch Shell

Shell logo previously used in the United States during the 1970s & 1980s

Until the mid 1980s Shell’s business in the United States was substantially independent, with its stock (“Shell Oil”) being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the Group’s central office in The Hague, in the running of the American business. In 1984, Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite some opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell succeeded in the buy-out for a sum of $5.7 billion.^[9]

Logos used by the Shell Oil Company between 1900 and 1999

Despite the acquisition, however, Shell Oil remained a very independent business. This was partly for complex legal reasons as RoyalDutch/Shell feared that there could be onerous liability problems if a closer control of Shell Oil's affairs was taken by the "parent companies". One of the stranger consequences of this independence was that the Shell logo used in the US was slightly different from that used in the rest of the world. In the 1990s Shell Oil's independence began gradually to be eroded as the "parent companies" took a more hands-on approach in the running of the business. The logo used in the United States is the same as that used elsewhere since June 1, 1998.^[10]

Subsidiaries

• Aera Energy LLC is a joint venture with Mobil Oil operating in California.
• Shell Development Emeryville was a research facility that operated from 1928–1966 in California
• Motiva Enterprises is a joint venture with Shell and Saudi Refining.

Legal issues

Environmental

Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery, Anacortes, Washington

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Notice of Violation to Shell Oil Company for its infringements of the Clean Air Act at a bulk petroleum terminal the company owned in Bridgeport, Conn., until October 1, 1998. According to the report, Shell loaded a total of 28.4 million gallons of gasoline onto barges without required vapor recovery equipment on seven days in 1997 resulting in 56 tons of uncontrolled volatile organic compound emissions. During the investigation, the EPA found that Shell built an additional loading bay without permit of the state Department of Environmental Protection in 1995. Bridgeport’s facility had been recorded to produce average of about 170 tons of volatile organic compounds per year.^[11] However, this modification has the potential of production 30 tons per year more of the pollution emissions.^[12]

Shell Puget Sound Refinery, Anacortes, Washington, was fined $291,000 from 2006 to 2010 for violations of the Clean Air Act making it the second most-fined violator in the Pacific Northwest. As of 2011^[update], it was listed as "high priority violator" since 2008. ^{[13] [14]}

In 2008, a lawsuit was filed against Shell Oil Company for alleged Clean Air Act violation. Shell Deer Park facility, 20 miles east of Houston, was the nation’s eighth-largest oil refinery and one of the world’s largest petrochemical producers. The facility was also the second largest source of air pollution in Harris County, which ranked among the lowest in the nation in several measures of air quality.^{[News 1]} According to Sierra Club and Environment Texas, analysis of Shell’s reports to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, air pollutants released at Deer Park since 2003 exceeded the EPA's emissions limits.^[15]

Shell has recently implemented efforts to reduce the impact of its operations on the millions of migratory birds that encounter the North Sea drilling operations.^{[citation needed]}

Zone-pricing

Mehdi Shahbazi was a Shell station operator in central California who posted signs in 2005 stating "Big oil's unearned profit" in protest of zone pricing. Shell sued Shahbazi saying that the protest violated the terms of his lease.^[16] Shahbazi responded by accusing the company of "breach of contract and of violating the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act". Shell then terminated his contract.^{[citation needed]} A federal judge ruled in favor of Shell and Shahbazi was ordered to vacate the station.

Shahbazi died on November 14, 2007, due to liver failure which was a result of a hunger strike.^[17]

Polybutylene lawsuit

From 1978 to 1995, Shell Oil produced pipes made out of polybutylene, which corrodes when exposed to chlorine. A class action lawsuit was filed in 1995 against Shell Oil when the polybutylene pipes caused flooding in many households.^{[citation needed]} This lawsuit required Shell Oil to pay for the re-installation of piping for millions of houses until its expiration in May 2009.^{[citation needed]}

Nigerian settlement

Main article: Wiwa family lawsuits against Shell

Author Ken Saro-Wiwa was a member of the Ogoni people, an ethnic Nigerian minority whose hometown, Ogoniland, in the Niger Delta has been targeted for crude oil extraction since the 1950s and which has suffered extreme and unremediated environmental damage from decades of indiscriminate oil waste dumping. Saro-Wiwa, initially as spokesperson, and then as President, of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), led a nonviolent campaign against environmental degradation of the land and natural waters of Ogoniland by the operations of multinational oil companies, especially Shell.^{[citation needed]}

At the peak of his non-violent campaign, Saro-Wiwa and the other members of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People were arrested, hastily tried by a special military tribunal, and hanged in 1995 by the Nigerian military government of General Sani Abacha, all on charges widely viewed as entirely politically motivated and completely unfounded. Their executions provoked international outrage and resulted in Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations.

Shell has been brought on trial in New York with the accusation of having collaborated with the military executions, and in June 2009, it has settled out of court for US$15 million to bring the case to an end. Ben Amunwa, director of the Remember Saro-Wiwa organization, said that "No company, that is innocent of any involvement with the Nigeria military and human rights abuses, would settle out of court for 15.5 million dollars. It clearly shows that they have something to hide".^[18]

See also

	Houston portal
	Companies portal
	Energy portal

• Petroleum geology
• Fred Meissner, Shell Laboratories, Petroleum Explorationist, Professor Colorado School of Mines
• M. King Hubbert, Shell Laboratories, Petroleum Geologist, created the Hubbert peak theory model of oil depletion
• Motiva Enterprises

Notes

1. ^ Donovan, John. "Reporter". ABC News. Royal Dutch Shell. http://royaldutchshellplc.com/2011/09/06/shell-to-pay-500000-for-pollution-in-texas/. Retrieved 6 September 2011. 

References

1. ^ "An MBendi Profile – Organisation: Pecten Cameroon Company". Mbendi.co.za. July 31, 2006. http://www.mbendi.co.za/orgs/ce88.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
2. ^ Card Services – Products & Services^{[dead link]}
3. ^ Our History of Achievement
4. ^ About Shell Martinez Refinery
5. ^ Holusha, John (April 12, 1990). "Shell Offers a New Gasoline In 10 Cities to Aid Air Quality". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81038F931A25757C0A966958260&sec=&spon=. Retrieved May 23, 2010. 
6. ^ "Retrieved on 2009-06-10". Eia.doe.gov. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance/mergers/stindex.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
7. ^ "Shell to brand new U.S. gas stations". February 8, 2002. http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2002/02/04/daily41.html. 
8. ^ "Retrieved on 2009-03-24". Driving.myfoxcharlotte.com. May 8, 2002. http://driving.myfoxcharlotte.com/news_this_week/2002-05-08-1912-driving/index.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011. 
9. ^ Hayes, Thomas C.: "Shell Oil Shareholders Awarded $110 Million", The New York Times, December 13, 1990. URL retrieved 2011-01-27.
10. ^ Priest, Tyler: The offshore imperative: Shell Oil's search for petroleum in postwar America, Texas A&M University Press 2007, p. 272. ISBN 1-58544-568-1.
11. ^ "Air Pollutant Emissions Report: SHELL OIL CO". Scoreboard. 1999. http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/cap/facility.tcl?facility_id=09001-0167. Retrieved April 28, 2008. 
12. ^ Amy Miller (1999). "EPA ISSUES NOTICE OF VIOLATION TO SHELL OIL AND MOTIVA IN BRIDGEPORT". EPA. http://www.epa.gov/region1/pr/1999/081199.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. 
13. ^ McClure, Robert; Lisa Stiffler of InvestigateWest (11/07/2011). "EPA's 'High Priority Violators' Scattered Across the Northwest". KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=142092185&ft=3&f=142092185. Retrieved 2011-11-08. 
14. ^ Hsu, Nelson; Analysis of Environmental Protection Agency databases by Elizabeth Lucas, Center for Public Integrity and Robert Benincasa, NPR.. "Poisoned Places Map". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/news/graphics/2011/10/toxic-air/#12.00/48.4652/-122.5435. Retrieved 2011-11-08. 
15. ^ ALuke Metzger (2008). "Environmental Groups Sue Shell Oil for Clean Air Act Violations at Deer Park Refinery and Chemical Plant". Texas Environment. http://www.environmenttexas.org/newsroom/clean-air-news/clean-air-news/environmental-groups-sue-shell-oil-for-clean-air-act-violations-at-deer-park-refinery-and-chemical-plant. Retrieved April 28, 2008. 
16. ^ Mehdi Shahbazi's website
17. ^ Mercury News article: Hunger striker Mehdi Shahbazi dies at 65 after fighting Shell Oil^{[dead link]}
18. ^ Did Shell collaborate in Nigerian executions? Channel 4 report hosted at The Real News. June 10, 2009

External links

• Shell Oil Company's official website
• National Association of Shell Marketers