- Air France Flight 4590
-
Air France Flight 4590
Air France Flight 4590 on fire seconds after takeoffAccident summary Date 25 July 2000 Type Foreign object damage Site Gonesse, France Passengers 100 Crew 9 Fatalities 113 (109 from aircraft, 4 on ground) Survivors 0 Aircraft type Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde Operator Air France Tail number F-BTSC Flight origin Charles de Gaulle International Airport Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport Continental Airlines Flight 55 Incident summary Date 25 July 2000 Type Mechanical failure (source of foreign object) Site Paris (Charles de Gaulle), France Aircraft type McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Operator Continental Airlines Tail number N13067 Flight origin Charles de Gaulle International Airport Destination Newark International Airport Air France Flight 4590 was a Concorde flight operated by Air France which was scheduled to run from Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris, to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. On 25 July 2000, it crashed in Gonesse, France. All one hundred passengers and nine crew members on board the flight died. On the ground, four people were killed with one left injured.
The flight was chartered by German company Peter Deilmann Cruises. All passengers were on their way to board the cruise ship MS Deutschland in New York City[1][2] for a 16-day cruise to South America.[3]
This was Concorde's only accident in which fatalities occurred. It was the beginning of the end for Concorde as an airliner; the type was retired three years later.
Contents
Event summary
Post-accident investigation[4] revealed that the aircraft was just at, if not exceeding, maximum weight for ambient temperature and other conditions, and up to one ton over maximum structural weight.[5] As it left the gate, it was loaded such that the centre of gravity was excessively aft.[6] Fuel transfer during taxi may have overfilled the number five wing tank.[7] A twelve inch spacer that keeps the left main landing gear in alignment had not been replaced after recent maintenance, though the 2002 French Bureau Enquetes-Accidents investigation concluded that this did not contribute to the accident.[8] The wind at the airport was light and variable that day, and was reported to the cockpit crew as an eight knot tailwind as they lined up on runway 26R.[9] Over an hour delayed, the crew proceeded with take-off.
Five minutes before that decision, a Continental Airlines DC-10 departing for Newark, New Jersey, had lost a titanium alloy strip, 435 millimetres (17.1 in) long and about 29 millimetres (1.1 in) to 34 millimetres (1.3 in) wide, during takeoff from the same runway.
During the Concorde's subsequent take-off run, this piece of debris, still lying on the runway, cut a tyre causing rupture and tyre debris to be hurled by centrifugal force. A large chunk of this debris (4.5 kilograms or 9.9 pounds) struck the underside of the aircraft's wing structure at an estimated speed of 500 kilometres per hour (310 mph). Although it did not directly puncture any of the fuel tanks, it sent out a pressure shockwave that eventually ruptured the number five fuel tank at the weakest point, just above the undercarriage. Leaking fuel gushing out from the bottom of the wing was most likely to have been ignited by an electric arc in the landing gear bay or through contact with severed electrical cables. At the point of ignition, engines one and two both surged and lost all power, but engine one slowly recovered over the next few seconds. A large plume of flame developed; the Flight Engineer then shut down engine two, in response to a fire warning and the Captain's command.[10]
Having passed V1 speed, the crew continued the take-off but the plane did not gain enough airspeed with the three remaining engines, because the severed electrical cables prevented the retraction of the undercarriage. The aircraft was unable to climb or accelerate, and it maintained a speed of 200 knots (370 km/h; 230 mph) at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft). The fire caused damage to the port wing, and it began to disintegrate – melted by the extremely high temperatures. Engine number one surged again, but this time failed to recover. Due to the asymmetric thrust, the starboard wing lifted, banking the aircraft to over 100 degrees. The crew reduced the power on engines three and four in an attempt to level the aircraft, but with falling airspeed they lost control and stalled, crashing into the Hôtelissimo[11] Les Relais Bleus Hotel[12][13] near the airport.[1]
The crew was trying to divert to nearby Le Bourget Airport, but accident investigators stated that a safe landing, given the aircraft's flight path, would have been highly unlikely.
As the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcript recorded it, the last intelligible words of the crew were (translated into English):
- Co-pilot: "Le Bourget, Le Bourget, Le Bourget."
- Pilot: "Too late (unclear)."
- Control tower: "Fire service leader, correction, the Concorde is returning to runway zero nine in the opposite direction."
- Pilot: "No time, no (unclear)."
- Co-pilot: "Negative, we're trying Le Bourget" (four switching sounds).
- Co-pilot: "No (unclear)."
Passenger and crew fatalities
All passengers and the crew were killed in the incident. Most of the passengers were German tourists en route to New York for a cruise.[14]
Nationality Passengers Crew Total Germany 96 0 96 France 0 9 9 Denmark 2 0 2 Austria 1 0 1 United States 1 0 1 Total 100 9 109 Concorde grounded
The Concorde had been the safest working passenger airliner in the world according to passenger deaths per distance travelled. The crash of a Concorde was the beginning of the end of the aircraft's career.[15]
A few days after the crash, all Concordes were grounded, pending an investigation into the cause of the crash and possible remedies.[16]
Air France's Concorde operation had been a money-losing venture, but had been kept in service as a matter of national pride[17] (by contrast, British Airways claimed a profit on its Concorde operations[18][19]). Revenue service was resumed in 2001, until the remaining aircraft were retired in 2003.[20]
Accident investigation
The official investigation was conducted by France's accident investigation bureau, the BEA, and it was published on 14 December 2004. Only 1 video was found of the flight.
Conclusions
The investigators concluded that:
- The aircraft was overloaded by about a ton above the maximum safe take off weight.
- After reaching take-off speed, the tyre of the number 2 wheel was cut by a metal strip lying on the runway, which came from the thrust reverser cowl door of the number 3 engine of a Continental Airlines DC-10 that had taken off from the runway several minutes before. This strip was installed in violation of the manufacturer's rules[citation needed].
- The aircraft was airworthy and the crew were qualified. The landing gear that later failed to retract had not shown serious problems in the past. Despite the crew being trained and certified, no plan existed for the simultaneous failure of two engines on the runway, as it was considered highly unlikely.
- Aborting the take-off would have led to a high-speed runway excursion and collapse of the landing gear, which also would have caused the aircraft to crash.
- While two of the engines had problems and one of them was shut down, the damage to the plane's structure was so severe that the crash would have been inevitable, even with the engines operating normally.
Previous tyre incidents
In November 1981, the American NTSB sent a letter of concern, which included safety recommendations for the Concorde, to the French BEA. This communiqué was the result of the NTSB's investigations of four Air France Concorde incidents, during a 20 month period, from July 1979, through February 1981. The NTSB described those incidents as "potentially catastrophic", because they were caused by blown tyres during take-off. The NTSB also expressed concern about the lack of adequate remedies, on the part of the French, as well as improper crew responses to those incidents.
- 13 June 1979: The number 5 and 6 tyres blew out during a take-off from Washington, D.C. Dulles Airport. Shrapnel thrown from the tyres and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, in addition to tearing a large hole on the top of the wing, over the wheel well area.
- 21 July 1979: Another blown tyre incident, during take-off from Dulles Airport. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an air worthiness directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel and tyre for condition, pressure and temperature prior to each take-off. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tyre problem is suspected."
- October 1979: Tyres number 7 and 8 failed during a take-off from New York's JFK Airport. In spite of the well-publicized danger from the previous incidents, the crew ignored the new safety recommendations and raised the landing gear and continued to Paris. There was no subsequent investigation by the French BEA or the NTSB of that incident.
- February 1981: While en-route from Mexico City to Paris, Air France (F-BTSD) blew more tyres during another take-off at Dulles Airport. Once again, the crew disregarded the new procedures by raising the landing gear. The blown tyres caused engine damage which forced the flight to land at New York JFK Airport. The NTSB's investigation found that there had been no preparation of the passengers for a possible emergency landing and evacuation. The CVR was also found to have been inoperative for several flights, including one which followed a layover in Paris.[21][22]
To save on weight, Concorde was designed to take off without the assistance of flaps or slats. That required a significantly higher air and tyre speed, during the take-off roll, which imposed a much greater centripetal force load on the tyres. That higher speed increased the risk of tyre explosion during take-off. When the tyres did explode, much greater kinetic energy was carried by the resulting shrapnel travelling at great speeds tangentially from the rims (the kinetic energy of an object being directly proportional to the square of its speed), increasing the risk of serious damage to the aircraft. A thicker skin on the bottom side of the wings could have prevented serious damage from an exploding tyre, but that would have added too much weight, cancelling out most of the advantage of not having flaps or slats.
Alternative theories
British investigators and former French Concorde pilots looked at several other possibilities that the report ignored, including an unbalanced weight distribution in the fuel tanks and loose landing gear. They came to the conclusion that the Concorde veered off course on the runway, which reduced take-off speed below the crucial minimum. The aircraft had passed close to a Boeing 747 carrying French President Jacques Chirac who was returning from the 26th G8 summit meeting in Okinawa, Japan,[23][24] which was much further down the runway than the Concorde's usual take-off point; only then did it strike the metal strip from the DC-10.[25]
The Concorde was overweight for the given conditions, with an excessively aft centre of gravity and taking off downwind. When it stood at the end of the runway, ready to roll, it was over its approved maximum take-off weight for the given conditions.[24][26]
The Concorde was missing the crucial spacer from the left main landing-gear beam that would have made for a snug-fitting pivot. This compromised the alignment of the landing gear and the wobbling beam and gears allowing three degrees of movement possible in any direction. The uneven load on the left leg's three remaining tyres skewed the landing gear, with the scuff marks of four tyres on the runway showing that the plane was veering to the left.[27]
Modifications and revival
The accident led to modifications being made to Concorde, including more secure electrical controls, Kevlar lining to the fuel tanks, and specially developed, burst-resistant tyres. The new-style tyres would be another contribution to future aircraft development.
The crash of the Air France Concorde nonetheless proved to be the beginning of the end for the type.[28] Just before service resumed, the 11 September 2001 attacks took place, resulting in a marked drop in customer numbers, and contributing to the eventual end of Concorde flights.[29] Air France stopped flights in May 2003, while British Airways ended its Concorde flights in October 2003.
In[update] June 2010, two groups were attempting to revive Concorde for "Heritage" flights in time for the 2012 Olympics. The British Save Concorde Group, SCG, and French group Olympus 593 were attempting to get four Rolls-Royce Olympus engines running smoothly at Le Bourget Air and Space Museum in France.[30]
Criminal investigation
On 10 March 2005, French authorities began a criminal investigation of Continental Airlines, whose plane dropped the debris on the runway.[31]
In September 2005, Henri Perrier, the former head of the Concorde division at Aérospatiale, and Jacques Herubel, the Concorde chief engineer, came under investigation for negligence: a report stated that the company had more than 70 incidents involving Concorde tyres between 1979 and 2000, but had failed to take appropriate steps based upon these incidents.[32]
On 12 March 2008, Bernard Farret, a deputy prosecutor in Pontoise, outside Paris, asked judges to bring manslaughter charges against Continental Airlines and four individuals:[33]
- John Taylor, a Continental mechanic
- Stanley Ford, a Continental maintenance manager
- Henri Perrier of Aérospatiale
- Claude Frantzen, a former employee of the French airline regulator.
Charges against Jacques Herubel were reported to have been dropped,[33][34] but on 3 July 2008, confirmation of the trial, including Herubel, was published.[35] The trial started on 2 February 2010. Also facing fines or a custodial sentence were the designers of the plane, who prosecutors say knew that the plane's fuel tanks could be susceptible to damage from foreign objects, as well as a French official responsible for the regulation of the plane's safety.[36]
Continental denied the charges,[37] and claimed in court that the aircraft was already on fire when it passed over the titanium strip.[38]
On 6 December 2010, Continental Airlines was found criminally responsible for the disaster by a Parisian court and was fined €200,000 ($271,628) and ordered to pay Air France €1 million. Continental mechanic John Taylor was given a 15-month suspended sentence, while another airline operative and three French officials were cleared of all charges. The court ruled that the crash resulted from a piece of metal from a Continental jet that was left on the runway; the object punctured a tyre on the Concorde and then ruptured a fuel tank.[39] Another Continental employee, Stanley Ford, was found not guilty.[39] Continental's lawyer, Olivier Metzner, said it would appeal the verdict.[40]
The court also ruled that Continental would have to pay 70% of any compensation claims. As Air France has paid out €100 million to the families of the victims, Continental could be made to pay its share of that compensation payout.[39]
In media
- The time-line and causes of the crash were profiled in an episode of the National Geographic documentary series, Seconds From Disaster.
- NBC aired a Dateline NBC documentary on the crash, its causes, and its legacy on 22 February, 2009.
- Channel 4 and Discovery Channel Canada aired a documentary called Concorde's Last Flight.
- Smithsonian Channel aired a 90-minute documentary Concorde: Flying Supersonic in 2010.
- This aircraft was used in the making of the movie The Concorde ... Airport '79.[41]
References
- ^ a b "Concorde Crash", The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ^ "'Black boxes' recovered at Concorde crash site." CNN. 25 July 2000. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
- ^[dead link]Miller, Marjorie and Carol J. Williams. "Engine Repair to Concorde Cited in Crash Inquiry." Los Angeles Times. 27 June 2000. Part A, 1. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
- ^ What brought down the Concorde? Dateline re-examines the last moments of the 2000 flight that proved fatal, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29306441/ns/dateline_nbc-international/
- ^ BEA (Bureau Enquetes-Accidents) Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d’Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France page 32, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ BEA Accident Report page 159, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ BEA Accident Report page 118, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ BEA Accident Report page 155, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ BEA Accident Report pages 17 and 170, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France, BEA, http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2000/f-sc000725a/pdf/f-sc000725a.pdf
- ^ "Concorde crash kills 113". BBC News. 25 July 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/851209.stm.
- ^ pe_04.html, CBS News
- ^ [1], CBS News
- ^ "Mori to send messages to Chirac, Schroeder over Concorde." Japan Policy & Politics. 31 July 2000. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
- ^ "Caption to image #16 of set."
- ^ Lichfield, John (18 October 2010). "Air France grounds Concorde until cause of crash is known". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/air-france-grounds-concorde-until-cause-of-crash-is-known-707692.html. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Suzanne Scotchmer, Innovation and Incentives, MIT Press, 2004, p. 55.
- ^ "The Concorde belies those who foresaw its extinction". Philadelphia Inquirer. 26 January 1986. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29A63D671E93E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ Arnold, James (10 October 2003). "Why economists don't fly Concorde". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2935337.stm.
- ^ "Concorde grounded for good". BBC News. 10 April 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm.
- ^ Safety Recommendation(s), Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, 9 November 1981, http://www.ntsb.gov/recs/letters/1981/A81_150_152.pdf
- ^ "Concorde Incidents & Fatal Accident". Airguideonline.com. http://www.airguideonline.com/airsafety_SSC.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 14, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
- ^ a b "Concorde: For the Want of a Spacer". Iasa.com.au. 24 June 2001. http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/concordespacer.html. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Rose, David (13 May 2001). "Concorde: The unanswered questions". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/may/13/davidrose.focus. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 22, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
- ^ Brookes, Andrew, Destination Disaster, page 19, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2862-1
- ^ "Perception of Risk in the Wake of the Concorde Accident", Issue 14, Airsafe Journal, Revised 6 January 2001.
- ^ "LATEST NEWS Archive". ConcordeSST.com. http://www.concordesst.com/latestnews_03_2.html. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Iconic Concorde Could Return for 2012 Olympics"
- ^ "Judge places Continental under investigation in Concorde crash". USAtoday.com. 10 March 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-03-10-continental-concorde_x.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Ex-Concorde head quizzed on crash". BBC News. 27 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4285832.stm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ a b "Prosecutor seeks Concorde charges". BBC News. 12 March 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7291269.stm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Bremner, Charles (12 March 2008). "Continental Airlines faces manslaughter charges over Paris Concorde crash". Times Online (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3539777.ece.
- ^ "Five to face Concorde crash trial". BBC News. 3 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7487282.stm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Clark, Nicola (1 February 2010). "Trial to Open in Concorde Disaster". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/02/world/europe/02concorde.html?partner=rss&emc=rss. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ "Continental denies responsibility for crash as Concorde trial begins". Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2010. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5197016,00.html. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Concorde crash manslaughter trial begins in France". BBC News. 2 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8492561.stm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ a b c Fraser, Christian (6 December 2010). "Continental responsible for Concorde crash in 2000". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11923556. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ "Paris Court Finds Continental Responsible for Concorde Crash". Voice of America. 6 December 2010. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Paris-Court-Finds-Continental-Responsible-for-Concorde-Crash-111386879.html. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ "The Concorde SST Web Site: History of the aircraft that would become Air France Flight 4590". Concordesst.com. http://www.concordesst.com/accident/203a.html. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
External links
- Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
- "Accident on 25 July 2000 at "La Patte d'oie" at Gonesse."
- "Accident survenu le 25 juillet 2000 au lieu-dit "La Patte d'oie" à Gonesse."
- Preliminary report (French) (PDF, Archive)
- Interim report (French) (PDF, Archive)
- Interim report 2 (French) (PDF, Archive)
- Final report (French) (PDF, Archive) – The French version is the report of record
- PlaneCrashInfo.Com – Data Entry on Flight 4590
- Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
- The Observer – this article mentions other contributing factors
- Disaster, CBS News
- CVR transcript
- All 109 Aboard Dead in Concorde Crash into Hotel Near Paris; 4 On Ground Dead – CNN
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