Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala

Field Marshal The Lord Napier of Magdala GCB, GCSI, CIE, FRS
Governor of Gibraltar
In office 23 June 1876 – 3 January 1883
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Sir William Williams
Succeeded by	Sir John Miller Adye
Acting Viceroy of India
In office 21 November 1863 – 2 December 1863
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Viscount Palmerston
Preceded by	The Earl of Elgin
Succeeded by	Sir William Denison As Acting Viceroy
Personal details
Born	6 December 1810 Ceylon
Died	14 January 1890 (aged 79) London, England
Alma mater	Addiscombe Military Academy
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom East India Company
Service/branch	Bengal Army Bombay Army
Years of service	1828–1890
Rank	Field Marshal
Commands	Commander-in-Chief in India
Battles/wars	First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Mudki Battle of Ferozeshah Battle of Sobraon Second Anglo-Sikh War Siege of Multan Battle of Gujrat Indian Mutiny Siege of Lucknow Central India Campaign Second Anglo-Chinese War Battle of Taku Forts 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia Battle of Magdala
Awards	Sutlej Medal Punjab Medal India General Service Medal Indian Mutiny Medal Second China War Medal Abyssinian War Medal

Field Marshal Robert Cornelis Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, GCB, GCSI, CIE, FRS (6 December 1810 – 14 January 1890) was a British soldier.

Early life

Napier was the son of Major Charles Frederick Napier, who was wounded at the storming of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) in Java on (26 August 1810) and died some months later. Robert was born in Ceylon on 6 December 1810.^[1]

He was educated at Addiscombe Military Academy from which he joined the Bengal Engineers at the age of 18, arriving in India in November 1828.^[1]

Indian service

Napier was employed in the irrigation works of the Public Works Department for some years, before being promoted to Captain in January 1841, when he was appointed to Sirhind.^[1]

First Anglo-Sikh War

In December 1845 he joined the Army of the Sutlej and commanded the Bengal Engineers at the Battle of Mudki. He was severely wounded at the battle of Ferozeshah on 31 December 1845 while storming the Sikh camp. He was also present at the battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846 and in the advance on Lahore. He was mentioned in despatches for his services and received a brevet majority.^[1]

In May 1846 he was chief engineer at the reduction of the fortress of Kote Kangra in the Punjab by Brigadier-General Wheeler, for which he received the thanks of the government.^[1]

Second Anglo-Sikh War

Having been appointed as consulting engineer to the Punjab resident and Council of Regency, in 1848 Napier was again called into action, to direct the siege of Multan. In September 1848 he was wounded in the attack, but managed to be present at the successful storming of Multan on 23 January 1849 and the surrender of the fortress of Chiniot.^[1]

Joining Sir Hugh Gough, Napier then took part in the battle of Gujrat in February 1849, accompanied Sir Walter Gilbert as he pursued the Sikhs, and was present at the passage of the Jhelum, and the surrender of the Sikh army. For his services he was mentioned in despatches and received a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy. At the close of the war he was appointed civil engineer to the Board of Administration of the annexed province of Punjab, and carried out many significant public works during his time in that position.^[1]

North-West Frontier

In December 1852 Napier took command of a column in the first Hazara expedition, and in the following year against the Baris on the North-West frontier. For his services he was again mentioned in despatches, and received the special thanks of the government and a brevet-colonelcy.^[1]

Indian Mutiny

Napier was appointed military secretary and adjutant-general to Sir James Outram, whose forces took part in the actions leading to the first relief of Lucknow on 25 September 1857. He then took charge of Lucknow's defence until the second relief, when he was badly wounded while crossing an exposed space with Outram and Sir Henry Havelock to meet with Sir Colin Campbell.^[1]

After the fall of Lucknow, Napier was mentioned in despatches and made CB. He then joined Sir Hugh Rose as second-in-command in the march on Gwalior, and commanded the 2nd Brigade at the battle of Morar on 16 June 1858. After Gwalior fell, he and his 700 men pursued, caught and completely defeated Tantya Tope and 12,000 men on the plains of Jaora Alipur.^[1]

After Sir Hugh Rose's departure, Napier assumed command of the Gwalior division. He captured Paori in August, routed Prince Ferozeshah at Ranode in December, and in January 1859 succeeded in securing the surrender of Man Singh and Tatya Tope, ending the war. For his services Napier received the thanks of parliament and of the Indian government, and was made GCB.^[1]

China

In January 1860 during the Second Anglo-Chinese War, Napier assumed command of the 2nd division of the expeditionary force under Sir James Hope Grant. Napier took part in the action at Sinho, the storming of the Taku (Peiho) Forts, and the entry to Peking. For his services he received the thanks of parliament, and was promoted major-general for distinguished service in the field.^[1]

Napier was a military member of the Governor-General of India's council until 1865, acting for a short while as Governor-General after the sudden death of Lord Elgin. In January 1865 he assumed command of the Bombay Army. In March 1867 he received promotion to lieutenant-general and later that year took command of the punitive expedition to Abyssinia.^[1]

Abyssinia

"The British Expedition". Caricature by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1878.

He achieved his greatest fame as an army officer when he led the expedition of 1868 against Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian ruler was holding a number of Protestant missionaries hostage, in his mountain capital of Magdala, as well as two British diplomats who had unsuccessfully attempted to free them. After months of planning and other preparations, the advance guard of engineers landed at Zula on the Red Sea to construct a port on 30 October 1867; Napier himself arrived in Zula on 2 January 1868, and on 25 January led his troops south in the Ethiopian highlands.^[1]

The expedition involved crossing 400 miles (644 km) of mountainous terrain lacking roads or bridges occupied by local people with a known history of hostility towards outsiders. The expedition overcame the first obstacle, the terrain, by thorough logistical planning and engineering ability. Shrewd diplomacy dealt with the second obstacle, local opposition. On the one hand, Napier made it clear to the Ethiopians that the sole intent of the British force was to rescue the imprisoned Europeans—not conquest; on the other, Napier met with local potentates such as Ras Kassa (the future Emperor Yohannes IV), and arranged to purchase needed supplies with the 4.35 million Maria Theresa Thalers (the preferred currency of the area) the British had purchased from the mint in Vienna. What helped Napier was the general disaffection with, if not hostility to, Tewodros.^[2]

Napier's troops reached the foot of Magdala on 9 April and the next day, Good Friday, where they defeated the 9,000 troops still loyal to Tewodros at the Battle of Magdala for the loss of only 2 British lives. Although Emperor Tewodros surrendered his hostages and made repeated efforts for a negotiated surrender, Napier pressed on and ordered an assault on the mountain redoubt 13 April. The British captured Magdala, and Emperor Tewodros took his own life, preferring to "fall into the hands of God, rather than man."^[3] Napier then ordered the destruction of Tewodros' artillery and the burning of Magdala. The expedition and its troops looted many historical and religious artifacts, which they took back to Britain. The looted artifacts still reside in collections in the UK, despite representations by various parties for their return.^[4][5]

After the Ethiopian campaign, Napier received many honors. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge inducted him as a member in 1869.^[6] He received a parliamentary pension, was made Grand Commander of the Order of the Bath and a Freeman of the City of London and by way of victory title was given a hereditary peerage, Baron Napier of Magdala.^[1]

Later career

Napier became Commander-in-Chief in India (1870–1876), being promoted to general in 1874. From 1876 to 1883 he served as Governor of Gibraltar. In 1877, during a tense period in European politics, he was appointed commander-in-chief of a proposed force which was to be dispatched to Constantinople.^[1]

In 1879 he was a member of the Royal Commission on the organization of the army, and in November of the same year represented Queen Victoria at Madrid as ambassador extraordinary upon the occasion of Alfonso XII of Spain's second marriage.^[1]

On 1 January 1883 Napier was promoted to Field Marshal, and in January 1887 appointed Constable of the Tower of London.^[1]

He died in London on 14 January 1890, receiving a state funeral and being buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. His eldest son, Robert William Napier (born 1845) succeeded to his barony.^[1]

Honours

• In 1883, the British government installed one Armstrong 100 ton gun in a battery in Gibraltar that they named the Napier of Magdala Battery.
• A statue of Robert Cornelis Napier on horseback is located on Kensington Road, Queen's Gate, London.

Robert Napier Secondary School in Gillingham Kent (UK) is named in his honour.

In popular culture

• Napier appears in the George MacDonald Fraser novel "Flashman on the March", in command of the Army of Abyssinia, and is nicknamed "the bughunter", possibly a reference by Flashman to his membership of the Royal Society.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Robert Napier at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. ^ Described in Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 256-263. The total number of Thalers is from Richard Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), p. 469
3. ^ Rubenson, Survival, p. 268
4. ^ Eshete, Andreas; Pankhurst, Richard. "Memorandum on the Loot from Maqdala (Ethiopia) addressed to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee of the United Kingdom Parliament, by the Association for the Return of the Ethiopian Maqdala Treasures". http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/Looted%20Treasure/Afromet%20Memorandum%20on%20the%20Loot%20from%20Maqdala.htm. 
5. ^ "Association for the Return of The Maqdala (or Magdala) Ethiopian Treasures". http://www.afromet.org/. 
6. ^ "The Royal Society - Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007". http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1727. 

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [1]

• Henry Dundas Napier, Field-Marshal Lord Napier of Magdala: G.C.B., G.C.S.I.. Published by E. Arnold & co., 1927.

External links

• Royal Engineers Museum - Sapper Biographies
• Royal Engineers Museum - Corps History - campaigns
• Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site)

Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Elgin	Viceroy of India 21 November-2 December 1863	Succeeded by Sir William Denison, acting
Military offices
Preceded by The Lord Sandhurst	Commander-in-Chief, India 1870–1876	Succeeded by Sir Frederick Haines
Government offices
Preceded by Sir William Williams	Governor of Gibraltar 1876–1883	Succeeded by Sir John Adye
Honorary titles
Preceded by Sir Richard James Dacres	Constable of the Tower 1887–1890	Succeeded by Sir Daniel Lysons
	Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets 1887–1889	Office abolished
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Napier of Magdala 1868–1890	Succeeded by Robert William Napier

Persondata
Name	Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala
Alternative names
Short description	Field Marshal, defeated Emperor of Abyssinia
Date of birth	1810-12-06
Place of birth	Ceylon
Date of death	1890-01-14
Place of death	London