Constitution of Afghanistan

Afghanistan

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Afghanistan

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The Constitution of Afghanistan is the supreme law of the state Afghanistan, which serves as the legal framework between the Afghan government and the Afghan citizens.^[1][2][3] Although Afghanistan (Afghan Empire) was made a state in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani,^[4] the earliest Afghan constitution was written during the reign of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s followed by the 1923 version.^[5][6]

The current Afghan constitution was approved by the consensus in January 2004 after the 2003 loya jirga.^[3] It evolved out of the Afghan Constitution Commission mandated by the Bonn Agreement. The constitution provides for an elected President and National Assembly. The transitional government of interim president Hamid Karzai was put in place after the June 2002 loya jirga. Presidential elections took place in October 2004, and Karzai was elected to a five-year term. Elections for the National Assembly were delayed until September 2005. The Constitution of Afghanistan consists of 160 articles and was officially signed by Hamid Karzai on January 26.^[1][2]

Legislative branch

The National Assembly of Afghanistan consists of two houses: the Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) and the Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders).

The Wolesi Jirga, the more powerful house, consists of a maximum of 250 delegates directly elected through a system of semi-proportional representation (SNTV). Members are elected on a provincial basis and serve for five years. At least 64 delegates must be women; and ten Kuchi nomads were also elected among their peers. The Wolesi Jirga has the primary responsibility for making and ratifying laws and approving the actions of the president and has considerable veto power over senior appointments and policies

The Meshrano Jirga will consist of an unspecified number of local dignitaries and experts appointed by provincial councils, district councils, and the president. The president also appoints two representatives of the physically disabled. The lower house passes laws, approve budgets and ratify treaties – all of which will require subsequent approval by the Meshrano Jirga.

Judicial branch and court system

The nation's top court is the Stera Mahkama (Supreme Court). Its members are appointed by the president for 10-year terms. There are also High Courts, Appeals Courts, and local and district courts. Eligible judges can have training in either Islamic jurisprudence or secular law.

Courts are allowed to use Hanafi jurisprudence in situations where the Constitution lacks provisions.

Cabinet

Further information: Afghan Cabinet of Ministers

The current cabinet consists of the president, his two vice-presidents and 25 ministers. The ministers are appointed by the president but need approval from the Wolesi Jirga (lower house).

Districts

Further information: Districts of Afghanistan

The constitution divides Afghanistan into 34 provinces, with the addition of the Panjshir region as a province. Each province is governed by a provincial council with members elected for four-year terms. Governors are appointed by the president. Every village and town will also have councils, with members serving for three years.

Religion

Further information: Religion in Afghanistan

The Constitution describes Islam as its sacred and state religion. A system of civil law is described, but no law may contradict the beliefs and provisions of Islam. It was widely reported that Sharia law is not specifically mentioned, but Hanafi jurisprudence is one of the six branches of Sharia law. Moreover, concessions are made to Shia jurisprudence in cases arising strictly between Shi'ites.

Followers of other religions are "free to exercise their faith and perform their religious rites" within the limits of the law. There is no mention of freedom of thought, and apostasy from Islam is punishable by death.

Civil and human rights

Further information: Human rights in Afghanistan

Citizens are guaranteed the right to life and liberty, to privacy, of peaceful assembly, from torture and of expression and speech. If accused of a crime, citizens hold the right to be informed of the charges, to representation by an advocate, and to presumption of innocence. Article 34 states, "Freedom of expression shall be inviolable. Every Afghan shall have the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution. Every Afghan shall have the right, according to provisions of law, to print and publish on subjects without prior submission to state authorities. Directives related to the press, radio and television as well as publications and other mass media shall be regulated by law."

Provisions are made to ensure free education and healthcare for all citizens.

Language

Further information: Languages of Afghanistan

Article 16 of the constitution states that "from amongst Pashto, farsi, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and other current languages in the country, Pashto and Dari shall be the official languages of the state." In addition, other languages are considered "the third official language" in areas where they are spoken by a majority.

Article 20 states that the Afghan National Anthem (Wolesi Tarana) "shall be in Pashto with the mention of "God is Great" as well as the names of the tribes of Afghanistan."

The constitution aims "to foster and develop all languages of Afghanistan." (Article 16)

Kuchi people

Further information: Kuchi people

Article 14 obliges the government to implement effective programs for "improving the economic, social and living conditions" of nomads (Kuchis) as well as adopting "necessary measures for housing and distribution of public estates to deserving citizens".

The constitution requires the president to choose two special Kuchi representatives to sit in the Wolesi Jirga.

The constitution also provides for the promotion of education for nomads.

Controversy

The constitution's provisions on religion drew international controversy in 2006, when Afghan-born Abdul Rahman, a convert from Islam to Christianity outside Afghanistan, was threatened with the death penalty for apostasy. Rahman was released under international pressure on the theory that he was insane and that the case against him had "investigative gaps," and found asylum in Italy. The constitution itself was not changed in response.

See also

• 1964 Afghanistan Constitution

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "The Constitution of Afghanistan" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: Supreme Court Afghanistan. January 3, 2004. http://supremecourt.gov.af/PDFiles/constitution2004_english.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Constitution of Afghanistan (2004)". Kabul, Afghanistan: President of Afghanistan. 2004. http://president.gov.af/sroot_eng.aspx?id=68. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Constitution". Washington, DC: The Embassy of Afghanistan. 2006. http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/constitution.html. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
4. ^ "Afghan Kings Since 1747". Tokyo, Japan: The Embassy of Afghanistan. http://www.afghanembassyjp.com/en/life/?pn=24. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
5. ^ "Constitutional History of Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/constitutional-history-of-afghanistan. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 
6. ^ "Constitution of Afghanistan (1923)". Afghanistan Online. http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html. Retrieved 2010-12-08. 

External links

• President of Afghanistan - Constitution of Afghanistan (2004)
• Constitution - The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, DC. (2004)
• Afghanistan Online - The Constitution of Afghanistan (2004)
  • Constitution of Afghanistan (1990)
  • Constitution of Afghanistan (1987)
  • Constitution of Afghanistan (1976)
  • Constitution of Afghanistan (1964)
  • Constitution of Afghanistan (1923)