Horned gopher

Horned gopher Temporal range: Late Miocene–Pleistocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Ceratogaulus hatcheri skeleton, Museum of Natural History, Washington
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Mylagaulidae
Subfamily:	Mylagaulinae
Genus:	Ceratogaulus Matthew, 1902
Species
Ceratogaulus anecdotus Ceratogaulus hatcheri Ceratogaulus minor Ceratogaulus rhinocerus
Synonyms
Epigaulus

Horned gophers are rodents from the genus Ceratogaulus, a member of the extinct fossorial rodent family Mylagaulidae. Ceratogaulus is the only known rodent genus with horns, and is the smallest known horned mammal. Ceratogaulus lived from the late Miocene to the early Pleistocene era.

Description

Reconstruction of Ceratogaulus hatcheri

The horned gopher had two horns as shown to the left; these were large (in comparison to body size), paired, and originated from the nose. Horned gophers are the smallest known mammals to ever have horns, and the only known species of horned rodents, and (aside from one fossil species of armadillo, Peltephilus), the only known fossorial horned mammals.^[1] They were native to what is now the Great Plains of North America, most concentrated in Nebraska.

The role of the horns is subject to much speculation; possibilities include digging (although this has largely been ruled out by the horns' position and orientation; see below for a more detailed analysis), mating displays or combat, and defense from predators. Because the horns were not sexually dimorphic, their role in defense seems most likely.^[1]

In most other respects, the animals resembled modern marmots. They were approximately 30 centimetres (0.98 ft) long, and had paddle-like forepaws with powerful claws adapted for digging. They also had small eyes, and probably had poor eyesight, similar to that of a mole. These features suggest that they were likely to be burrowing animals.^[2]

Digging

It has been believed that the horns of the horned gopher were used for digging, but the nasal horns of Ceratogaulus are inconsistent with use as a digging tool. In recent mammals that use the head for excavating, the tip of the snout is used like a spade to scrape at the substrate Therefore, the only modification of the nasal bones is a slight thickening of the anterior tips. Although it is theoretically possible that some mammal might develop horns as a digging tool, digging horns would differ from the Ceratogaulus horns in position and shape.

Ceratogaulus horns are positioned on the posterior ends of the nasal bones and extend dorsally, perpendicular to the plane of the palate. As a result of their posterior position, using the horns to dig would bring the anterior tip of the nasals against the substrate after a very short sweep of the horns, making digging with the horns extremely inefficient. This motion would be even more inefficient than suggested because the anterior surface of a burrow is concave, making it essentially impossible to use the horns without the anterior end of the snout interfering. The expectation is that an animal using its horns anteriorly (rather than dorsally) would have the occipital plate positioned vertically or tilted posteriorly. In this configuration, the effective input lever is maximized when the head is lowered, as in the rhinoceros skull.

Ceratogaulus rhinocerus fossil

The shape of the horn itself is also very poor for a digging tool. The horns are very thick and broad with large, flat anterior and posterior surfaces. Dragging such a broad tool through the soil would create immense resistance, proportional to the large surface area presented to the substrate. Finally, the Ceratogaulus horn becomes more posteriorly positioned through time, so that the evolutionary trend is towards a horn which becomes more poorly suited to digging through time, rather than better suited. Thus, the argument that the horns functioned in digging is not supported by the morphology or the evolutionary progression.

Mating displays or combat

1902 Illustration of a pair of horned gophers

Many of the objections that apply to the horns as a digging implement also apply to the use of the horns in sexual combat. Their orientation and position and the morphology of the rest of the skull make it exceedingly difficult to bring them to bear on an opponent of similar size. The cervical vertebrae are shortened antero-posteriorly in all mylagaulids (a feature inherited by Ceratogaulus from ancestral, head-digging mylagaulids), decreasing the flexibility and range of motion of the neck and making it even more difficult for Ceratogaulus to wrestle with their horns. Many ungulates with horns ill-suited to sexual combat still use them for combat or for sexual display. However, a sexually selected use of the horns is unlikely in Ceratogaulus, as the optic foramen is very small, roughly 1/2 - 2/3 times the size of that of the mountain beaver, Aplodonta rufa, which itself has very poor vision. The small size of the optic foramen indicates extremely poor visual acuity, meaning that the females would be unlikely to be able to visually recognize a winner in any sexual displays or sexual combat by the males.

Defense

Horns are used in defense against predators by almost all horned mammals. Animals will use any weapons at their disposal to fight off predators, and the horns of Ceratogaulus are particularly well suited to defense. The horns are broad and robust and their dorsal orientation and relatively posterior position makes them well suited to protecting the vulnerable eyes and neck. By elevating the head dorsally, the horns would be snapped backward, protecting the areas most commonly attacked by predators. A similar use of postero-dorsal horns has been indicated to decrease predation in horned lizards. As the horns grow taller through evolutionary time, they also become more posteriorly positioned and the height of the occipital plate increases, increasing the leverage for lifting them. By positioning the horns more posteriorly, the output lever is shortened and, because the muscles used to rotate the skull dorsally attach at the top of the occipital plate, the input lever is lengthened. Thus, the dorsal strike with the horns would be more powerful as the ratio of output lever to input lever would be increased. This increased leverage would also be helpful in maneuvering the horns to deter predators from attacking at the head or neck, as elevating the head dorsally would snap the horns backward, protecting these vulnerable areas. Predation is by far the dominant cause of mortality in most small mammals, so the benefits provided by a mechanism to reduce predation could offset the substantial evolutionary cost of horns in a fossorial mammal.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Hopkins (2005)
2. ^ Palmer, D., ed (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 283. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 

• Hopkins, Samantha S.B. (2005): The evolution of fossoriality and the adaptive role of horns in the Mylagaulidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Proc. R. Soc. B 272(1573): 1705-1713. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3171 PDF fulltext

External links

• The Paleobiology Database: Ceratogaulus

Paleontology portal