Chalicotherium

Chalicotherium Temporal range: Late Oligocene–Early Pliocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fossil remains of a Chalicotherium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	†Chalicotheriidae
Genus:	†Chalicotherium J. J. Kaup, 1833
Species
See text
Synonyms
Macrotherium Lartet, 1837 Butleria

Chalicotherium (Ancient Greek χαλιξ/khalix, khalik-: pebble/gravel + θηρίον/thērion, diminutive of θηρ/thēr : beast) is a genus of extinct browsing odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla and family Chalicotheriidae, found in Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Late Oligocene to Lower Pliocene, living from 16—7.75 mya, existing for approximately 8.25 million years.^[1]

This animal would look much like other chalicotheriid species: an odd looking herbivore with long clawed forelimbs and stouter weight bearing hindlimbs.

The type species, Chalicotherium goldfussi, from Miocene and Pliocene Europe, was described by J. J. Kaup in 1833 and since then 7 other species have been confidently assigned to this genus. According to current phylogenetic analyses Chalicotherium has two daughter genera nested within it, Anisodon Lartet, 1851 and Nestoritherium J. J. Kaup, 1859, thus rendering it paraphyletic.

Description

Foot bones of Chalicotherium grande.

Chalicotherium, like many members of Perissodactyla, was adapted to browsing, though uniquely adapted to do so among its ungulate relatives. Its arms were long and heavily clawed, allowing them to walk on their knuckles only. The arms were used to reach for high branches and bring them close to its short-faced head to strip them clean of leaves. The horse-like head itself shows adaptation to a diet of soft vegetation, since, as the animal reached sexual maturity, the incisors and upper canines were shed, suggesting that its muscular lips and the resulting gum pads were enough to crop fodder which was then processed by squarish, low-crowned molars.

Callosities on the ischium imply that these animals would sit on their haunches for extended periods of time, probably while feeding. Pad-supporting bony growth on the dorsal side of the manual phalanges is interpreted as evidence of knuckle-walking, which would probably be useful to avoid wearing down the claws, preserving them for use either as a forage-collecting rake or as a formidable defensive weapon.

All of these characteristics show some convergence with the unrelated ground sloths, gorillas and giant pandas.

Classification

Taxonomic history

The type specimens for Chalicotherium goldfussi were found in the Upper Miocene strata of the Dinotherien-sande beds near Eppelsheim, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany. Kaup, when describing this new animal in 1833, found the teeth to be pebble-like and named the creature accordingly. Later on, limbs found in strata located at Sansan in the department of Gers, Southwestern France, were first described as Macrotherium by Lartet in 1837. Further study of these fossil remains and subsequent finds by Filhol warranted a referral of the material described as Macrotherium to Chalicotherium. A more recently synonymized genus is Butleria, preoccupied by a butterfly genus.^[2]

Referral history for each species is detailed in the species list below along with morphological and geographical data where available.

Species

Valid:

• Chalicotherium goldfussi J. J. Kaup, 1833.

The type species, it was found in Upper Miocene beds located in Germany. It weighed around 1500 kg and was 2.6 m high at the shoulder.

• Chalicotherium giganteum Pictet, 1844.

First described as Macrotherium giganteum Gervais, later sunk into the type species for lack of distinguishing skeletal morphology, it was found in the Upper Miocene strata located at Sansan, France.

• Chalicotherium brevirostris

First described as Macrotherium brevirostris Colbert 1934, this species hails from the Upper Miocene Tung Gur Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.

• Chalicotherium rusingense Butler, 1962.

This species hails from the Lower Miocene strata located in Kenya and Uganda.

• Chalicotherium pilgrimi

Formerly known as Schizotherium pilgrimi Forster Cooper, then referred to Macrotherium, this species hails from the Lower Miocene Bugti beds of Pakistan.

• Chalicotherium wetzleri

Formerly named as Schizotherium wetzleri this species hails from Oligocene beds located in France and Germany, leading scientists to believe it was widespread in Western Europe.

• Chalicotherium salinum

First described as Macrotherium salinum Forster Cooper, this species was first discovered at the Lower Pliocene Lower Siwaliks beds in India; its chronological and geographic range was later extended to the Middle and Upper Miocene, and to Pakistan and China, respectively.

• Chalicotherium wuduensis

This species hails from Upper Miocene strata located in Gansu, China.

Invalid:

• Chalicotherium antiquum J. J. Kaup, 1833.

Found at the same locality as the type species, it was later found wanting of diagnostic features and sunk into the type species.

• Chalicotherium baltavarense

This name pertains to a specimen found in Slovakia that was later lumped into Chalicotherium pentelicum.

• Chalicotherium minus

For sometime considered a species of Anisodon, it was later sunk into the type species.

• Chalicotherium posterigenium

Junior synonym of Chalicotherium sivalense

• Chalicotherium sindiense

Junior synonym of Chalicotherium sivalense

• Chalicotherium sinense

This species hailing from Lower Pliocene beds found in China is now assigned to the genus Nestoritherium.

• Chalicotherium sivalense

Erected from specimens found in Upper Miocene beds located in India it is now assigned to the genus Nestoritherium.

• Chalicotherium pentelicum (pentelici in some older publications)

Hailing from Upper Miocene strata of Slovakia and Greece, Samos Island being a notable locality of the latter, the species named Colodus pachygnathum was later subsumed with it. Further study referred this species to the genus Ancylotherium.

• Chalicotherium grande Blainville, 1849.

Further study after this species' first description as Macrotherium grande Lartet, 1837, and subsequent referral to Chalicotherium by Blainville and later on of M. rhodanicum, M. magnum and M. sansaniense, warranted all the pertaining specimens to be clustered under the revived genus Anisodon Lartet, 1851, by Geraads et al. in 1995, as Anisodon grande.

Attributed specimens:

• Chalicotherium cf. C. brevirostris Wang et al., 2001.

Hailing for the Tsaidam Basin, northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.

• "Chalicotherium modicum" Stehlin, 1905.

A nomen nudum, actually a Schizotherium priscum tooth.

• "Chalicotherium" bilobatum Cope.

Hailing from the Oligocene of Saskatchewan, this very fragmentary specimen was the type on which Russel erected the genus Oreinotherium.

• Chalicotherium spp.

Specimens found in two Tajikistan localities, thought to pertain to at least two different species.

Phylogeny

unnamed

Chalicotherium	? Chalicotherium giganteum  Chalicotherium rusigense unnamed  Chalicotherium pilgrimi  ? Chalicotherium wetzleri unnamed unnamed  Chalicotherium salinum  Anisodon unnamed  Chalicotherium brevirostris unnamed  Chalicotherium wuduensis  Chalicotherium goldfussi  Nestoritherium

In popular culture

While the Chalicotherium is not well known in popular culture, the 2001 educational documentary Walking with Beasts included the animal, adding some publicity.

Chalicotherium does appear briefly in the animated sequel to Ice Age (film), Ice Age: The Meltdown.

In addition, "chalikos" are used as steeds in Julian May's Saga of Pliocene Exile, a time travel series in which humans go through a gateway back to the Pliocene Era.

See also

Paleontology portal

• Moropus
• Chalicothere

Notes

1. ^ PaleoBiology Database: Octodontotherium, basic info
2. ^ Butleria at Lepidoptera and some other life forms

References

• Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira, vol. 5. (1936-1960). Editorial Enciclopédia, Lda, Lisbon.
• Chalicotherium at Atlas Virtual da Pré-História. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
• Chalicotheriidae at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
  • Butler, P. M., 1978: Chalicotheriidae. 368-370. in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals. – Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641
  • Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. – W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
  • Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648. in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. – W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
  • Coombs, M. C., 1989: Interrelationships and diversity in the Chalicotheriidae. 438-457. in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls. – Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
  • Coombs, M. C., Hunt, Jr, R. M., Stepleton, E., Albright III, L. B. & Fremd, T. J., 2001: Stratigraphy, chronology, biogeography, and taxonomy of Early Miocene small chalicotheres in North America. – Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, pp. 607–620
  • Geraads, D., Spassov, N. & Kovachev, D., 2001: New Chalicotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Bulgaria. – Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, pp. 569–606
  • Hooker, J. J. & Dashzeveg, D., 2004: The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) – Palaeontology: Vol. 47, #6, pp. 1363–1386
  • Lucas, S. G. & Schoch, R. M., 1989: Taxonomy and biochronology of Eomoropus and Grangeria, Eocene chalicotheres from the western United States and China. 422-437. in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls. – Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
  • McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level. – Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
  • Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537. in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls. – Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
  • Remy, J.-A., Jaeger, J.-J., Chaimanee, Y., Soe, U. A. N., Marivaux, L., Sudre, J., Tun, S. T., Marandat, B. & Dewaele, E., 2005: A new chalicothere from the Pondaung Formation (late Middle Eocene) of Myanmar. – Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciencies, Paris: Palevol: Vol. 4, pp. 341–349
• The America Heritage Dictionary of English Language. 2004, 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Ancylopoda at LoveToKnow 1911
• Wang, Xiaoming; Wang, Banyue (2001): New material of Chalicotherium from the Tsaidam Basin in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, Vol 75, Fascicle 2. Pages 219-226.
• Margery Chalifoux Coombs. Additional Schizotherium material from China, and a review of Schizotherium dentitions (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae). April 24, 1978. American Museum Novitates nr 2647. pages 1-18. The American Museum Of Natural History. New York City, N. Y.
• Edwin H. Colbert. Distributional and phylogenetic studies on Indian fossil mammals. III – A classification of the Chalicotherioidea. May 8, 1935 American Museum Novitates nr 798, 56.9 (54). The American Museum Of Natural History. New York City.
• www.angellis.net/Web/PDfiles/ungperis.pdf

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