Melville Macnaghten

Sir Melville Macnaghten

Sir Melville Leslie Macnaghten CB KPM (16 June 1853, Woodford, London –12 May 1921) was Assistant Commissioner (Crime) of the London Metropolitan Police from 1903 to 1913.

He is known for a major report in 1894 on the Jack the Ripper case, naming three possible Jack the Ripper suspects.

Early career

The youngest of fifteen children of Elliot Macnaghten, the last Chairman of the British East India Company, Macnaghten was educated at Eton. After leaving school in 1872, he went to India to run his father's tea estates in Bengal and remained there until 1888, albeit with occasional visits back home. In 1881 he was assaulted by Indian land rioters and as a result, became friends with James Monro, who was District Judge and Inspector-General in the Bombay Presidency at the time.

On 3 October 1878 he married Dora Emily Sanderson, the daughter of a canon from Chichester; they eventually had two sons and two daughters.

Career in the Criminal Investigation Department

Upon his return to England, Macnaghten was offered the post of first Assistant Chief Constable (CID) in the Metropolitan Police by Monro, who by that time had become the first Assistant Commissioner (Crime); however this appointment was opposed by Charles Warren, the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, allegedly due to the beating he took by "the Hindoos" back in Bengal; but the real reason seemed to be that Warren and Monro did not get along well from the beginning. Warren's rejection of Macnaghten widened the rift between the two men, resulting in Monro's resignation and his transfer to Special Branch by the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews.

However, due to the continuous disagreements with Home Secretary Matthews, Commissioner Warren chose to resign on 9 November 1888. Monro was brought in to succeed him as Commissioner. With this turn of events, Macnaghten was brought in with the position of Assistant Chief Constable in June 1889; he was later promoted to Chief Constable in 1890, following the unexpected death of the first incumbent, Adolphus Williamson.

MacNaghten's report on Jack the Ripper

Main article: List of proposed Jack the Ripper suspects

A page from the MacNaghten memorandum of 1894, in which he names three suspects

Even though he was not directly involved with the investigation of the Ripper killings, like most members of the Metropolitan Police, Macnaghten took an active interest in the case. As Chief Constable he had access to police records on the case; as a result of his own investigation he wrote a confidential report dated February 23, 1894; however, the report was not publicly available until 1959 and the complete report was not available or viewing a reproduction until 2002. This report proved influential for Ripper research, for it established the canonical victims of the serial killer at five, as well as naming three possible suspects.

Although some information about the suspect he believed most likely to have been the murderer had been available before the turn of the century, the name of the suspect was not made public until 1959. Macnaghten's most likely suspect was Montague John Druitt, a barrister turned teacher who allegedly committed suicide sometime in December 1888. Unfortunately, Macnaghten, in writing from memory, committed many factual errors in his report regarding Druitt. Despite the errors, his allegation seemed to be plausible at first glance, but there is no evidence of contemporary police suspicion against him at the time of the murders; indeed, recent research could find no concrete evidence that Druitt was indeed the Ripper. Sir James Monro's grandson Christopher was told by his father, Douglas Monro, that Sir James believed that Druitt was the Ripper but was prevented from saying so because Druitt's elder brother William put pressure on the Government. He said that if his brother was named as the Ripper he would disclose the presence of homosexuals in high positions in several areas of public life.^[1] Abberline, the detective who led the investigation, did not believe that Druitt was the Ripper. In an interview some years later he said that he had heard "that story but what did it amount to?" He felt that Druitt had simply died at a time that might explain the end of the Ripper murders. He appears to have had little knowledge of him, referring to him erroneously as a doctor. Macnaghten's daughter, Lady Christabel Aberconway, made a transcript of the notes that he used to dictate his report to his elder daughter and in 1959 she showed it to the author Daniel Farson. He later wrote a book around it. However, in 1992 a friend Michael Thornton told the Sunday Express that she had remarked that in accusing Druitt, her father had merely "followed the official line" and the truth "could have made the Throne totter". Curiously, Douglas G. Browne in his The Rise of Scotland Yard, states that Macnaghten "appears to identify the Ripper with the leader of a plot to assassinate Mr Balfour at the Irish Office."^[2] This reference is puzzling because, although there were Fenian plots to assassinate Balfour, Druitt is not known to have had any such connections and it is extremely unlikely that he did. It is generally thought that Browne misunderstood or misuinterpreted something he saw in the Scotland Yard files while researching his book. In his published memoirs, Days of My Years, Macnaghten does not mention a suspect by name although he devotes a chapter to the Ripper Murders in which he implies that the identity of the killer is known. The description in the chapter points to Druitt.

The second of Macnaghten's three suspects was Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jew who lived in Whitechapel and was committed to an insane asylum in 1891. While not on the top of the list as Druitt, he was certainly suspected by Robert Anderson, the man who succeeded Monro as Assistant Commissioner, with apparent confirmation by Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, Anderson's desk officer. As with Druitt, there is no concrete evidence to support this allegation, and it is suggested that naming Kosminski as a suspect seemed to reflect anti-semitism rather than a genuine connection to the case. In a copy of a book by Anderson found in his effects many years later, Swanson referred to a secret identification in which an unnamed Jewish witness named Kosminski as the Ripper but refused to testify against a fellow Jew. This seems to have been a very doubtful exercise and as there were only two known Jewish witnesses and neither of them were likely to have identified Kosminski. It may be that Kosminski was seen as a plausible scapegoat because had he been charged and named, he would almost certainly have been found unfit to plead - he suffered from dementia and hallucinations and with a phobia about taking food from another man's hand, he fed on scraps that he found in the gutters. Had he been charged and named, however, he would probably have been accepted as Jack the Ripper.^[3]

The third suspect in Macnaghten's report was a man named Michael Ostrog, a Russian-born thief and con man who affected several aliases and disguises and was detained in asylums in several occasions. Again there is little to support this suspicion against Ostrog: records indicated that he was imprisoned in France during the murders; the fact that Ostrog was arrested and imprisoned before the report was written raises the question of why Ostrog was included at all as a viable suspect.

Later career, including as Assistant Commissioner

In 1900 Macnaghten served in the Belper Committee to inquire about "the working of the method of Identification of Criminals by Measurement and Fingerprints". As the committee recommended the use of fingerprints as a means of identification over bertillonage, largely due to the testimony of Edward Henry on their respective merits.

When Henry was appointed Commissioner in 1903, succeeding Sir Edward Bradford, Macnaghten was appointed Assistant Commissioner (Crime) and became involved in many of the most famous cases in the history of the Metropolitan Police, including the Hawley Harvey Crippen case and the Farrow double murder case, which resulted in the conviction and hanging of the Albert and Alfred Stratton largely on the basis on fingerprint evidence.

Macnaghten was knighted in the 1907 Birthday Honours.^[4] In the 1912 New Year Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).^[5] He was awarded the King's Police Medal (KPM) in the 1913 New Year Honours.^[6] He was also a Knight Commander of the White Military Order of Spain and a Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog.

Retirement and later life

However, in 1911 Macnaghten was experiencing the first signs of ill-health; even a trip to Australia the following year failed to improve matters. He was forced to retire from his job in 1913.

In 1914 he published his memoirs Days of My Years. He also made a translation of Horace's Ars Poetica into English verse, an effort to which he devoted the last ten years of his life.

Macnaghten died on 12 May 1921 at Queen Anne's Mansions, Westminster.

In her 2007 book Jack l'éventreur démasqué (Jack the Ripper Unmasked), French author Sophie Herfort identifies Macnaghten as Jack the Ripper himself, after gathering a high number of converging lines of evidence concluding 20-year long investigations.

Macnaghten in fiction

Macnaghten appears as a character in The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade (1985), ISBN 0333384474, the first of the Inspector Lestrade novels by M. J. Trow. The book deals with the aftermath of the Ripper case and with Macnaghten's report. Trow misspells Macnaghten's name as "McNaghten" in his book and fictionalizes Macnaghten's daughter. The novel is set in 1891 at which time Cristabel Macnaghten was a little girl. Trow's novel has Macnaghten with a much older daughter by the name of Arabella. It should be rememebred that Trow's work is intended to be fiction.

Macnaughten also features prominently in the later chapters of Alan Moore's seminal graphic novel From Hell.

Police appointments
Preceded by Adolphus Williamson	Chief Constable (CID), Metropolitan Police 1890–1903	Succeeded by Trevor Bigham 1909–1914
Preceded by Edward Henry	Assistant Commissioner (Crime), Metropolitan Police 1903–1913	Succeeded by Basil Thomson

Footnotes

1. ^ Kendell
2. ^ Douglas G. Browne, The Rise of Scotland Yard, London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1956, p. 208.
3. ^ Kendell
4. ^ "Birthday Honours", The Times, 28 June 1907
5. ^ "The Official Lists", The Times, 1 January 1912
6. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28677. p. 4. 31 December 1912.

References

• Kendell, Colin Jack the Ripper - The Theories and the Facts Amberly Publishing, 2010
• Biography, Who Was Who

External links

• Casebook.org

Persondata
Name	Macnaghten, Melville
Alternative names
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Date of birth	1853
Place of birth
Date of death	1921
Place of death