Nucleariid

Nucleariids
Nuclearia thermophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukarya
(unranked):	Opisthokonts
Order:	Nucleariida

The nucleariids are a group of amoebae^[1] with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae.

Classification

	Plantae Chromalveolata
	Amoebozoa Opisthokonts  Choanozoa Animalia Nucleariids Fungi

One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups.^[2]

Nucleariids are opisthokonts,^[3] the group which includes animals, fungi and several smaller groups. Several studies place the nucleariids as a sister group to the fungi.^[4][5]

Characteristics

Nucleariids are usually small, up to about 50 μm in size.

• Nuclearia^[3] and Micronuclearia.
• The other genera, Rabdiophrys, Pinaciophora, and Pompholyxophrys, are freshwater forms with hollow siliceous scales or spines. These were formerly included among the heliozoa as the Rotosphaerida.

According to a 2009 paper, Fonticula, a cellular slime mold, is an opisthokont and more closely related to Nuclearia than to fungi.^[6]

References

1. ^ Zettler; Nerad, T.; O'Kelly, C.; Sogin, M. (2001). "The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary". The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48 (3): 293–297. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x. PMID 11411837.  edit
2. ^ Phylogeny based on:
   • Eichinger, L.; Pachebat, J.A.; Glöckner, G.; Rajandream, M.A.; Sucgang, R.; Berriman, M.; Song, J.; Olsen, R.; Szafranski, K.; Xu, Q.; Others, (2005). "The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum". Nature 435 (7038): 43–57. doi:10.1038/nature03481. PMC 1352341. PMID 15875012. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1352341. 
   • Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Yoshida M, Nakayama T, Inouye I (January 2009). "Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. (Nucleariidae), a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko (Japan)". European journal of protistology 45 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2008.09.004. PMID 19157810. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0932-4739(08)00080-1. 
4. ^ Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185. 
5. ^ Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al (2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo. ed. "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 
6. ^ Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (2009). "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (12): 2699–2709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665