The Oregon Trail (video game)

The Oregon Trail
Developer(s)	MECC
Publisher(s)	Brøderbund The Learning Company Gameloft
Platform(s)	Android; Apple II, iOS, Macintosh; BlackBerry; Commodore 64; DOS; Facebook; Java ME; Nintendo DSi, Wii; Windows, Mobile, Phone 7
Release date(s)	1971, 1974, 1985, 1992, 1996, 2001, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011
Genre(s)	Simulation
Rating(s)	ESRB: E10+
Media/distribution	CD-ROM, floppy disk, download app, iPhone/Facebook app

Screenshot from the Apple II version

The Oregon Trail is a computer game originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) in 1974. The original game was designed to teach school children about the realities of 19th century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail. The player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding his party of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley over the Oregon Trail via a Conestoga wagon in 1848. The game has been released in many editions since the original release by various developers and publishers who have acquired rights to it.

History

The Oregon Trail was created in 1971 by three student teachers at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota,^[1] in the HP Time-Shared BASIC environment running on an HP 2100 minicomputer.^[2] One of these students, senior Don Rawitsch, had the idea to create a computer program for a history class he was teaching, and recruited two of his friends, Paul Dillenberger and Bill Heinemann, both of whom were students teaching math, to help.^[3]

The Oregon Trail debuted to Rawitsch's class on 3 December 1971. Despite bugs, the game was immediately popular, and he made it available to others on Minneapolis Public Schools' time-sharing service. When the next semester ended, however, Rawitsch deleted the program, although he printed out a copy of the source code.^[3]

MECC

In 1974 Rawitsch took a job at Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), a state-funded organization that developed educational software for the classroom. He added many historically accurate features and uploaded The Oregon Trail into the organization's time-sharing network, where it could be accessed by schools across Minnesota. The game became one of the network's most popular programs, with thousands of players monthly.^[3]

In 1978 MECC began encouraging its schools to adopt the Apple II microcomputer.^[3] The first published version of The Oregon Trail was in Creative Computing's May-June 1978 issue. It was written in BASIC 3.1 for the CDC Cyber 70/73-26. The program was then adapted by John Cook for the Apple II, and provided on A.P.P.L.E.'s PDS Disk series #108. A further version called Oregon Trail 2 was adapted in June, 1978 by J.P. O'Malley. The game was further released as part of MECC's Elementary series, on Elementary Volume 6 in 1980. The game was titled simply Oregon, and featured minimal graphics. It proved so popular that it was re-released as a standalone game, with substantially improved graphics, in 1985. By 1995 The Oregon Trail comprised about one third of MECC's $30 million in annual revenue.^[4]

An updated version, Oregon Trail Deluxe, was released for DOS in 1992,^[5] followed by Oregon Trail II in 1995,^[3] The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition in 1997,^[6] and 4th^[7] and 5th editions.^[8] As of 2011^[update], more than 65 million copies of The Oregon Trail have been sold.^[3]

Editions

• 1981 to 1985 The Oregon Trail (Apple II)
• 1992 The Oregon Trail (Macintosh)
• 1992 The Oregon Trail Deluxe (DOS)
• 1993-96 The Oregon Trail Ver 1.2 (Windows)
• 1996 The Oregon Trail II (Windows)
• 1997 The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition (Windows)
• 2001 The Oregon Trail 4th Edition (Windows)
• 2011 The Oregon Trail (Nintendo 3DS)
• The Oregon Trail 5th Edition (Windows)
• The Oregon Trail: Mobile Edition (iPhone, iPod Touch)
• The Oregon Trail for Facebook^[9]

Gameplay

Hunting

An important aspect of the game was the ability to hunt. Using guns and bullets bought over the course of play, players select the hunt option and hunt wild animals to add to their food reserves. In the original version, there were no graphics and players were timed on how fast they could type "BANG," "WHAM," or "POW," with misspelled words resulting in a failed hunt. Later, players would control a little man who could aim a rifle in one of eight directions and fire single shots at animals. In later versions, players hunted with a crosshair controlled by the mouse. Bison were the slowest moving targets and yielded the most food, while rabbits and squirrels were fast and offered very small amounts of food. Deer (eastern section) and elk (western section) were in the middle in terms of speed, size, and food yield; bears were between bison and deer in all three properties. While the amount of wild game shot during a hunting excursion is limited by only the player's supply of bullets, the maximum amount that can be carried back to the wagon is 100 pounds in early versions of the game. In later versions, as long as there were at least two living members of the wagon party, 200 pounds could be carried back to the wagon. In the later version, you could hunt in different environments. For example, hunting during winter would result in graphics showing grass covered in snow.

Death

Throughout the course of the game, members of your party could fall ill and die from various causes, such as measles, snakebite, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, and exhaustion. People could also die from drowning or a broken leg. Your oxen were also subject to illness and death. When one of your party members dies, a funeral is briefly held, at which you may write a suitable tombstone epitaph, and after which you continue down the trail.

Scoring

At the conclusion of the journey, points are awarded according to a formula weighted by the profession chosen (points are doubled for a carpenter and tripled for a farmer), the number and health of surviving family members, remaining possessions, and cash on hand.

Legacy

Map screen from the IBM version

The game was popular among North American elementary school students in the mid 1980s to early 1990s. Many students in the United States and Canada had access to the game at school. MECC followed up on the success of The Oregon Trail with similar titles such as The Yukon Trail and The Amazon Trail.^[1] The original title has been re-released many times, for different platforms and on different media; it is currently up to the fifth edition.

The phrase "You have died of dysentery" has been popularized on T-shirts^[3] and other promotional merchandise.

Thule Trail screenshot

In 2007, Thule corporation created Thule Trail as a promotional tool. It changed the starting location to Chicago, Illinois, the destination to the "Atlantis Music Festival" in Santa Barbara, California, wildlife to snacks, and made other modern adjustments. In 2008, the band Fall Out Boy released a similarly altered version of the game, "Fall Out Boy Trail," to promote the release of the Folie à Deux.

The game resurfaced in 2008 when Gameloft created an updated version for cell phones.^[10][11][3] The rights for this version were later bought up by SpeedDate.com, which replaced the game with an online dating application.^[12] A new release for the iPhone and iPod Touch is also available from Gameloft.^[13] The game went live in the iTunes App Store on March 11, 2009.^[14] On January 7, 2010, the Palm webOS version was released to the Palm App Catalog. On November 11, 2010, an Xbox Live version was released on Windows Phone 7.

The cell phone version of the game is similar to the original, but varies in that the player can choose one of three different wagons: A basic wagon, a prairie schooner or a Conestoga Wagon. The player can also choose to become a banker, a carpenter, or a farmer, each of which has unique benefits. Unlike the computer version of the game, players in the iPhone and iPod Touch version do not need to buy guns and bullets.

On December 28, 2009, a Nintendo DSi DSiWare version of the game was released in North America.

On February 2, 2011, a new version of Oregon Trail was released on the social networking site Facebook.^[9]

See also

• Amazon Trail
• Freedom!
• Oregon Trail II
• Yukon Trail

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Coventry, Joshua. "Educational computing for the masses". SiliconUser. Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070628002639/http://siliconuser.com/?q=node/12. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
2. ^ Veeneman, Dan. "Hewlett-Packard HP 2000 Time Shared BASIC". http://www.decodesystems.com/hp2000/. Retrieved 22 April 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Lussenhop, Jessica (2011-01-19). "Oregon Trail: How three Minnesotans forged its path". City Pages. http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/1740595/. Retrieved 2011-01-20. 
4. ^ LaFrenz, Dale. "An Interview with Dale Lafrenz". Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/pdf.phtml?id=177. Retrieved 2011-01-22. 
5. ^ Oregon Trail Game
6. ^ The Oregon Trail: 3rd Edition for Windows (1997) - MobyGames
7. ^ Amazon.com: Oregon Trail 4th Edition: Software
8. ^ Amazon.com: The Oregon Trail, 5th Edition: Software
9. ^ ^{a b} Classic games coming to Facebook - Video Games Blog Plugged In - Yahoo! Games
10. ^ Mobile Game Review: The Oregon Trail PocketGamer. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
11. ^ Beidler, Aurae (2008-01-31). "Facebook Oregon Trail Application: Social Networking Website's Version of the Original Educational Game". Suite 101. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:9mdXPUCKLoQJ:social-networking-tagging.suite101.com/article.cfm/facebook_oregon_trail_application+social-networking-tagging.suite101.com/article.cfm/facebook_oregon_trail_application&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us. Retrieved 2009-03-24. 
12. ^ Lowensohn, Josh (2008-10-23). "Oregon Trail Facebook app to be replaced with dating service". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10074004-2.html?tag=mncol. Retrieved 2009-03-24. 
13. ^ Buchanan, Levi (2009-02-25). "Oregon Trail iPhone Hands-On". IGN. http://wireless.ign.com/articles/957/957259p1.html. Retrieved 2009-02-27. 
14. ^ Alaburda, Bob (2009-03-11). "The Oregon Trail Out Now-On". ThePortableGamer. http://theportablegamer.com/2009/03/the-oregon-trail-out-now/. Retrieved 2009-03-11. 

References

• Educational Software Classics: Interview with Don Rawitsch, the original designer of The Oregon Trail.
• GameSpot: The Oregon Trail
• Gaming Our Way Through History: A thorough exploration of the game and its implications.
• The Making of The Oregon Trail Presentation: Video presentation of Oregon Trail for Apple IIe with some of the original developers from MECC.
• On the Trail of the Oregon Trail: Historical findings on the original HP-2100 versions of the game. Includes BASIC source of a version from March of 1975 and information on playing the game in its 1975 form via telnet.
• Westward Ho!: BASIC source code of an early version of the game.
• Westward!: Online adaptation of an early version of the game.