Ocean (convict transport ship)

Hunter Island with the ships Ocean and Pilgrim in foreground and the Lady Nelson behind the flag on the stern of the Ocean, 1804.
Career
Owner:	Messrs Hurry & Co
In service:	1803 as a convict transport and whaler
Fate:	Unknown
General characteristics Fully square rigged, 3-mast
Class and type:	Brig
Tons burthen:	480 tons (bm)
Propulsion:	Sail
Sail plan:	Brig
Armament:	Yes
Notes:	copper-sheathed

Ocean was an English transport ship and whaler. In 1803 she accompanied HMS Calcutta to Port Phillip (Melbourne), the vessels supporting the establishment of a settlement under the leadership of Lt Col David Collins. Calcutta transported convicts, with Ocean serving to transport supplies. When the settlers abandoned Port Phillip, Ocean, in two journeys, relocated the settlers, convicts and marines to the River Derwent (Hobart Town) in 1804.^[1][2]

Ocean is sometimes credited with the official European discovery of Banaba, which she visited after leaving Australia.^[3] Ocean later returned to service with the East India Company.^[4] It is not known if she is the same Ocean that made voyages to Australia to transport convicts in 1816, 1818 and 1823.^[5]

Description

The Ocean was a copper-bottomed brig, of about 480 tonnes burthen bm. Her origins are uncertain, but Ocean was possibly built in Newcastle England in the late 18th century.^[6] Originally, Ocean was a whaler owned by the newly-operating South fishers, Thomas and Edward Hurrys. The owners were bankrupted by 1806.^[7] On her voyage with Calcutta, Ocean was armed. Accounts record a salute of 11 guns from the Ocean on the establishment of the settlement at Hobart.^[8]

Charter and voyage to Australia

The British Government chartered Ocean from Messrs Hurry & Co as a supply ship for the journey from Portsmouth to Port Philip Bay. On the voyage to Port Philip Bay, she carried 100 people along with supplies needed for the settlement at Port Philip Bay. These included, the Captain, John Mertho, 9 officers, 26 seamen, 8 civil officers including George Harris a surveyor and Adolarius Humphrey a mineralogist, and a group of free settlers. Many of the free settlers had skills that would be of value to the new settlement - 5 were carpenters, 2 seamen, 2 millers, a whitesmith (works with white or light coloured metals such as tin or pewter), a stonemason, gardener, painter, schoolteacher, pocketbook maker (maker of wallets and covered notebooks) and 2 servants.^[6]

Ocean and Calcutta left Portsmouth on 27 April 1803 and reached Santa Cruz on the Island of Tenerife, part of the Canary Islands on 17 May 1803. Both ships sailed from Tenerife on 21 May and arrived at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 29 June.^[6] While in Rio, Captain Woodriff of Calcutta sent 5 marines under Lieutenant Sladden to help maintain order on the Ocean for the rest of the voyage. According to Reverend Robert Knopwood's journals, ‘Mr. Hartley, a settler had behaved badly’ – and it seemed there was little love lost between some of the free settlers and Captain Mertho. They apparently regarded him as a ‘tyrant’ while he thought they were intractable.^[6][9][10]

At Rio de Janeiro, seven sailors deserted Calcutta. Portuguese soldiers captured three of them and returned them to her, receiving a reward of 6 pounds per sailor. While the ships were at berth, maintenance work was carried out on both ships and fresh provisions were taken on board for the next leg of the journey. Cloths were washed; repairs and adjustments made to the rigging of both ships and supplies of water were replenished. The fresh provisions included 36 turkeys, 13 dozen capons (roosters) and fowls, 68 very large ducks 4 geese, 13 pigs and a large quantity of fruit and vegetables. Both Ocean and Calcutta left Rio on 19 July 1803.^[6]

The Ocean, the slower of the two ships, was directed to sail direct to Port Philip Bay if she lost contact with Calcutta. The ships did lose contact so the Ocean did not put in at Cape Town, arriving at Port Philip Bay on 7 October.^[6] At Cape Town two more sailors deserted Calcutta. One was captured and returned.^[6]

After leaving Rio, Ocean sailed through the Southern Atlantic and into the Indian Ocean. She experienced frightening weather conditions for 77 days before sighting land on course and off Port Philip on 5 October. Twenty days out of Rio, George Harris recorded that ‘for many days we could not sit at table but were obliges to hold fast by boxes and on the floor and all our crockery were almost broken to pieces, besides many seas into the cabin and living in the state of darkness from the cabin windows being stopped up by the deadlights … I was never so melancholy in my life before’.^[6] In such conditions work on deck was extremely dangerous. On 9 August John Bowers fell overboard and was lost.^[6]

The H.M.S. Calcutta and in the background the supply ship Ocean in Port Phillip in 1803

Ocean and Calcutta established the first settlement at Port Phillip in 1803 under the leadership of Lt Col David Collins.^[11]

While at Port Philip Bay, a number of convicts escaped. According to Rev. Robert Knopwood's journal six convicts escaped from Sorrento on the evening of 27 December 1803. The settlement was in the process of closing down at the time, HMS Calcutta had already sailed for Port Jackson in New South Wales and the Ocean was preparing to sail for Van Diemen's Land. The escaping convicts cut loose a boat from the Ocean and succeed in getting to shore where two were recaptured, one of whom (Charles Shaw) was shot and seriously wounded. Their first intention was to head north to Sydney so they followed the bay to the mouth of the Yarra River where their scarce provisions ran out. They then tried heading inland for a way but before long the party separated. One of them (Daniel M'Allender) headed back to Sorrento and arrived in time to be taken on board the Ocean. William Buckley decided to return to the beach alone and continued to follow the bay round to the opposite head in the hope of seeing and signalling to the Ocean, but by this time it had left. Buckley lived with the aborigines in the area for 32 years and was next seen in 1835. Buckley's improbable survival is believed by many Australians to be the source of the vernacular phrase "Buckley's chance" (or simply Buckley's), which means "no chance", or "it's as good as impossible".^[12]

When this settlement was abandoned, the Ocean, in two journeys, relocated the settlers, convicts and marines to the River Derwent (Hobart Town) in 1804.^[1][2]

Ocean was released from service with His Majesty’s government after moving Collins's settlers to Hobart. She sailed to Sydney, taking fresh provisions on board and then headed to China, on behalf of the owners to pick up cargo presumably before returning to England. On her journey to China, Ocean sailed to the phosphate rich Micronesian island of Banaba, then on to the Marshall Islands in November 1804. Further details of Captain John Mertho or the fate of the Ocean is not known.^[6]

It is known that a sailing ship also called the Ocean subsequently made other voyages to Australia to transport convicts in 1816, 1818 and 1823. Whether this was the same Ocean is not known.^[5]

Historical references

The voyage to Australia is well documented in a number of sources.^[13]

Convicts and passengers known to have travelled on Ocean

• Samuel Lightfoot had arrived as a convict on the first fleet. He then received one of the first grants for land on the lower north shore of Port Jackson in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, Sydney. Shortly after the expiration of his sentence, he returned to England, where he petitioned to be allowed to return with his wife, though she appears not to have sailed. Lightfoot subsequently returned to Australia and then traveled on the Ocean from Port Phillip, arriving in Tasmania in 1804. The Lieutenant-Governor of the new settlement at Port Phillip, David Collins subsequently appointed Lightfoot supervisor of the hospital in Hobart Town. Lightfoot died in 1818 aged 65.^[14][15]

• George Smith was a 22 year old marine from the 62nd Company of Marines, Portsmouth Division. He had been born in Solihull, Warwickshire and his occupation was given as a butcher by trade. He was one of the marines who accompanied their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Collins, aboard Ocean to Port Philip. He married Grace Morrisby, eldest daughter of James and Ann, in 1810 – their children were all born at Clarence Plains.^[16]

• Ann Jane Hobbs, an American^[6]

• George Prideaux Harris was a Surveyor (Civil Official) and spent his early years at Exeter in Devon. In 1803 he was appointed deputy surveyor to David Collins and travelled to Port Phillip on Ocean. Soon after the Calcutta arrived, Harris along with Lieutenant James Tuckey, William Collins and William Gammon set out in the Calcutta's launch on a more detailed study of the area. They returned ten days later having travelled around Port Phillip.^[6]

• Leonard Fosbrook was a public servant appointed to the Collins expedition in 1803 at the last minute. He left England before instructions or a formal commission for his office as the Deputy Commissary could be issued. Still, he took charge of all government stores at Collins Settlement at Port Phillip. When David Collins moved the settlement to Van Diemen's Land, Fosbrook pitched his marquee on Hunter's Island, which became the site of the original commissariat store. For some years Fosbrook carried out his duties to Collins's entire satisfaction, but around August 1809 he resigned his office after a disagreement with the lieutenant-governor. The position of Deputy Commissary then went to George Harris. In April 1810 Fosbrook travelled to Sydney with the news of Governor David Collins's death. While there he successfully sought reinstatement as Deputy Commisary at Hobart Town. He was for a short time also appointed magistrate and first treasurer of the police fund.^[6]

• Matthew Bowden was a surgeon in the Royal Lancashire Regiment. In January 1803 he was commissioned as a civil assistant surgeon to accompany Lieutenant-Governor David Collins and his expedition to Port Phillip. When David Collins moved the settlement to Van Diemen's Land, Bowden was one of the first ashore, landing at Frederick Henry Bay on 12 February 1804. Bowden played a prominent role at Hobart attending to the sick. He was granted 100 acres (40 ha) of land at Humphrey's Rivulet in August 1804 where he had a vegetable garden and crops, and began to acquire livestock. Bowden attended Governor David Collins at his death in March 1810, then became first assistant surgeon of the civil medical establishment in Hobart. In October 1810 Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted him an additional 500 acres (200 ha) of land on the Derwent River. Bowden's sudden death on 23 October 1814 shocked the whole community of Hobart.^[6]

• Thomas Clark was 47 years old when he was appointed agricultural superintendent to sail with Lieutenant-Governor David Collins on the supply ship Ocean on 24 April 1803 for Port Phillip. After Collins decided to abandon Port Phillip and move the settlement to Van Diemens Land, Clark, then in charge of the convicts, supervised the reloading of stores onto Ocean. In August 1804 Clark was put in charge of the government farm at New Town, where the colony's stock had been sent. In October 1807 Clark took up residence in the main settlement at Hobart Town as storekeeper. He was still in government employment when, with J. Barnes, he printed in 1810 Tasmania's first newspaper, the Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligencer. This was a government journal edited by George Harris. Thomas Clark was granted 100 acres (40 ha) of land, which he finally located at Campania. He was appointed superintendent of convicts once more, but resigned in 1812. Clark passed away in December 1828, his death not being recorded in the press.^[6]

• John Blinkworth had previously been a convict at Port Jackson. He returned to England and was now on Ocean as a free settler returning to be united with his de facto wife, Elizabeth Cummings. They were formally married in Hobart in 1804.

• Richard Pitt: Richard Pitt was born on 3 March 1765 at Tiverton, Devon, England. He married Jane Tanner, also of Tiverton, and they had four children. In 1803 Pitt boarded Ocean as a free settler, together with one daughter, Salome, and two sons, Philip and Francis. Pitt's wife and eldest son stayed in England. Pitt was made constable in Van Diemen's Land and in December 1804 was granted 100 acres (40 ha) of land at Stainsforth's Cove (New Town). He grew wheat and barley, built up herds of sheep and pigs, and by 1809 he and his children were no longer relying on the government for support. He leased grazing land at the Green Ponds (Kempton) district, where his children also located grants. Pitt retained his farming interests, but gave increasing attention to official duties as district constable at New Town. On 14 February 1818 Pitt was appointed chief constable for Hobart Town. Pitt seized the opportunity of his new standing to ask for a free passage to the colony for his wife. Governor Macquarie sent the request to London, but Mrs Pitt declined the opportunity. Richard Pitt was one of the most respectable colonists. He remained chief constable until his death at Hobart on 14 May 1826. The three children who came with him on Ocean all settled in Van Diemen's Land.^[6]

• William and Elizabeth Cockerill migrated for green grass, together with their children William, Arabella and Ann. He became a successful farmer.^[6]

• John Hartley, his wife Hezekiah and son Joseph, migrated on Ocean as free settlers in 1803 and then at some stage travelled to Port Jackson in New South Wales. They returned to England from Port Jackson and then migrated again to Port Jackson in 1809. The family then returned to England in 1813.^[6]

• Anthony Fletcher and his wife Sarah were terribly unfortunate in that they lost two babies. One died in May 1803 while Ocean was at berth in Tenerife. Then, while Ocean was at berth in Rio de Janeiro, Sarah gave birth to a baby girl on 5 July. This little baby died at Port Phillip Heads in October 1803, just one day before arriving at Port Phillip.^[6]

• John Pascoe Fawkner' manuscript reminiscences, held in the collection of his papers in the La Trobe Library, were published for the first time to mark the centenary of his death on 4 September 1869.^[17]

• Joseph Potaski was a convict on both the Ocean and HMS Calcutta, his wife, Catherine and son, Joseph also came out with him as free settlers. Potaski was the first Jewish pole to arrive in Australia. Catherine, Potaski's wife gave birth to a daughter, Catherine jnr. when the Ocean berthed at Risdon Cove, thus making Catherine the first European to be born and baptised in Van Diemen's Land.^[18]

Official European Discovery of Banaba

After having left Australia, Captain John Mertho and the Ocean are sometimes credited with the official European discovery of Banaba. ^[3][19] Other sources credit the discovery to Captain Jered Gardner of the Diana in 1801.^[20]

References

Footnotes

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Family Tree of Trudy Mae COWLEY". 12 March 2008. http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tcowley/Ships.htm#Ocean. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Bateson, Charles (1959). The convict ships, 1787-1868. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CczyAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2010-07-01. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Raobeia Ken Sigrah, Stacey M. King (2001). Te rii ni Banaba. p. 168. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CKIr1eg77IwC. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
4. ^ Les Pickering. "A Cheshire Convict, John Birchall of Woore c1779-1860". http://www.scfhs.org.uk/scfhs/articles/cheshire_convict.html. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Jen Willetts. "Ships List and Year of Arrival". Jen Willetts. http://www.jenwilletts.com/Convict%20Ships.htm. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} "Historical Facts - Mornington Peninsula Collins Settlement - The Ships and the journey from Portsmouth". http://www.discovermorningtonpeninsula.com.au/fascinatingfacts/collins-settlement-the-ships-the-journey.php. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
7. ^ Dan Byrnes (1996). "Outlooks for England's South Whale Fishery, 1784-1800, and "the great Botany Bay Debate"". The Great Circle, Vol. 10, No. 2, October, 1988., pp. 79-102. Revised and updated in 1996.. http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/blackheath/whalers.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
8. ^ "Early Tasmania; papers read before the Royal Society of Tasmania during the years 1888 to 1899". University of California. San Diego. 1902. http://www.archive.org/stream/earlytasmaniapap00walk/earlytasmaniapap00walk_djvu.txt. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
9. ^ John Horton (17 July 2009). "Rio De Janeiro to Sullivan Bay". http://www.heavenandhelltogether.com/index.php?q=node/125. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
10. ^ Tuckey, James Hingston (1776-1816) (2003). "A Voyage to Establish a Colony at Port Philip in Bass's Strait". University of Sydney. http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/tucacco.pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
11. ^ James Button (4 October 2003). "Secrets of a forgotten settlement". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs. Retrieved 23 July 2010. 
12. ^ Alexander Romanov-Hughes. "William Buckley - A Skilful Survivor". http://home.vicnet.net.au/~pioneers/pppg5dd.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
13. ^ "An account of a voyage to establish a colony at Port Philip in Bass's Strait on the south coast of New South Wales, in His Majesty's Ship Calcutta, in the years 1802-3-4". http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_account_of_a_voyage_to_establish_a_colony_at_Port_Philip_in_Bass%27s_Strait_on_the_south_coast_of_New_South_Wales,_in_His_Majesty%27s_Ship_Calcutta,_in_the_years_1802-3-4/Chapter_1. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
14. ^ Schaffer, Irene (2009). "Van Diemen’s Land, The First Ten Years". Irene Schaffer's Website. http://www.tasfamily.net.au/~schafferi/index.php?file=kop30.php. Retrieved 6 June 2010. 
15. ^ "Transcript of Lt Governor Collins". Transcript of a1492044. State Library of New South Wales. November 1803. http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/_transcript/2007/D00007/a1492.html. Retrieved 15 June 2010. 
16. ^ "Convict Links". http://members.ozemail.com.au/~bryanhart/convicts.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
17. ^ "Reminiscences of John Pascoe Fawkner". No 3 April 1969. State Library of Victoria Foundation. http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-03/t1-g-t1.html. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
18. ^ Purcell, Marie, By Degrees: a story of the Potaski/McDonald family 1802–1987 (1987)
19. ^ Max Quanchi, John Robson (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. p. xix, xxxvi,. http://chapters.scarecrowpress.com/08/108/0810853957ch1.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2010. 
20. ^ Mr. H. E. Maude (December 1959). Post-Spanish discoveries in the central Pacific. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. p. 83. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_70_1961/Volume_70,_No._1/Post-Spanish_discoveries_in_the_central_Pacific,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_67-111/p1?action=null. Retrieved 21 July 2010.