Aphananthe philippinensis

Native Elm
drawing by Margaret Flockton
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Cannabaceae
Genus:	Aphananthe
Species:	A. philippinensis
Binomial name
Aphananthe philippinensis Planch.
Synonyms
Aphananthe rectinervis (F.Muell.) Planch. Taxotrophis rectinervis F.Muell. Sponia ilicifolia Kurz

Aphananthe philippinensis is a common rainforest tree in the Cannabaceae family. In Australia it occurs from the Manning River in New South Wales to near Herberton in tropical Queensland. It was first described from the island of Luzon in the Philippines, hence the species name. The generic name of Aphananthe refers to insignificant flowers. This plant also occurs on the Solomon Islands and in Papua New Guinea

The Australian habitat includes dry rainforest sites. However, it is mostly seen by streams on moist alluvial soils. Common names in Australia include Native Elm, Grey Handlewood, Axe handle Wood, Rough-leaved Hickory and Asbestos Tree.

Description

Growing to 35 metres tall and 85 cm in width, though usually seen as a smaller sized tree. The trunk is fluted and irregular in shape, buttressed at the base. The brown bark sheds irregularly; pustules and bumps give a patchy appearance. Branchlets are grey in colour with longitudinal cracks.

Native Elm covered by a Moreton Bay Fig and Wombat Berry vine, growing in a dry rainforest by the Richmond River, Australia

Leaves

Leaves are alternate on the stem, hard, dry to touch and sandpapery, though easily snapped off and brittle. Prominently toothed with a sharp prickly point. Lanceolate in shape, 4 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide. Green both sides, paler below. Leaves veiny on both sides; midrib, lateral and net veins visible. Midrib depressed on the upper surface, raised underneath. Midrib pale in colour under the leaf.

Flowers and fruit

Male flowers form on small cymes. Female flowers on the same plant, being in singles or rarely two together, forming on a 5 mm long stalk. Male and female flowers around 5 mm long, in the months of September to November.

The fruit is an egg shaped black drupe, 6 mm long containing a single seed. The seed is 5 mm long, somewhat three angled. Fruit matures from February to June.

Ecology

Native Elm is a food tree for the Common Aeroplane and Rounded Six-line Blue butterflies. Fruit eaten by a variety of birds, including Australian King Parrot, Brown Cuckoo-dove, Black-faced cuckoo-shrike, Figbird, Green Catbird, Lewin's Honeyeater, Olive-backed oriole, Pied Currawong, Rainbow Lorikeet, Satin Bowerbird, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet and Yellow-eyed Cuckoo-shrike.

References

• Floyd, A.G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 1989, ISBN 0-909605-57-2 page 399
• Aphananthe philippinensis at NSW Flora Online Retrieved on 2009-08-28