Modified citrus pectin

Modified citrus pectin

Modified Citrus Pectin - also known as citrus pectin,[1] Pecta-Sol[1] and MCP[1] - is a form of pectin that has been altered so that it can be more easily absorbed by the digestive tract. Pectin is a carbohydrate that is made of hundreds or thousands of polysaccharide molecules chemically linked together. It is found in most plants and is particularly plentiful in the peels of apples, citrus fruits, and plums. In modified citrus pectin, the pectin has been chemically altered sometimes by pH and temperature modifications to break its long, branched chains of polysaccharides into smaller, unbranched lengths of soluble fiber molecules. Pectin in its natural form cannot be absorbed by the body and is considered a type of undigestible soluble dietary fiber, whereas modified citrus pectin has a reduced molecular weight compared to regular citrus pectin, is mostly linear homogalacturonanic acid, and rich in galactose residues, which are easily processed by the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream if of the correct molecular weight range.[1][2][3]

According to the Natural Standards Monograph on MCP, “some experts caution that neither citrus pectin nor all ‘modified’ citrus pectins have the same effects as MCP. Citrus pectin does not have the short polysaccharide chains as MCP, and ‘modified’ pectin could indicate that the pectin has been altered in some way, but not necessarily have the shorter polysaccharide chains.”[2][4]

Contents

Uses

Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapy

Pre-clinical studies indicated that MCP helped reduce the spread of prostate,[5] colon,[6] breast,[7] liver,[8] and skin[9] cancer. Scientists believe that MCP works by inhibiting two key processes involved in cancer progression: angiogenesis and metastasis.[2][10][11] Animals with these types of cancer that were fed MCP had a much lower risk of the tumor spreading to the lungs. For example, one study examined the effects of MCP on lung metastasis from melanoma cells. Researchers injected mice with melanoma cells. In the mice that were also given MCP, significantly fewer tumors spread to the lungs than in the mice that did not receive the supplement. When lung tumors did develop in the mice treated with MCP, the tumors tended to be smaller than those that formed in untreated animals.[1][9]

Although animal and cell studies are quite encouraging, limited information is available about whether MCP is effective in humans. In one of the published clinical trials, 10 men with prostate cancer were treated with MCP after standard treatment failed. In 7 of these men, blood tests found prostate-specific antigen (PSA, a marker of prostate cancer growth). Their PSA doubling time (a measure of how fast PSA goes up) improved in comparison with measurements done before taking MCP, indicating that MCP may have a slowing effect on the cancer's growth.[12] This pilot study lacked a control group or survival data, and more randomized controlled trials looking at larger groups of people should be done.". However, taken with the information gained from animal studies, it suggests that MCP may have a role in reducing the growth and spread of cancer, and has great potential because secondary metastatic cancers are often more threatening to patients than the original tumor. MCP seems to have positive impacts especially regarding clinical benefit and life quality for patients with far advanced solid tumors. Modified citrus pectin should be used with, not in place of, standard cancer therapy.[1][13][14]

Heavy Metal Detoxification

Trials and studies revealed that orally administered MCP supplements significantly increase urinary excretion of toxic metals present in the body.[15][16][17] It is some times used as a safer and gentler form of Chelation therapy, which is a chemical process where a substance is used to bind molecules and hold them tightly so that they can be excreted from the body. Chelation is commonly used to treat lead and mercury poisoning.[18][19] In most instances, chelation therapy involves the infusion of compounds via a catheter placed in an arm vein and usually in a clinical setting. In contrast, chelation therapy using MCP can be done anywhere via the use of oral supplements.[2]

Other Uses

Preliminary clinical data suggests that pectin is beneficial for treating diarrhea and hypercholesterolemia. It has been promoted for reducing the risk of colon cancer and for reducing damage from radiation therapy but there is insufficient scientific evidence to support these uses.[20] Some also claim that a compound found in MCP strengthens the cancer cell–killing ability of T-cells, cells that also protect against germs.[1] MCP treatment modality is thought to promote wellness and optimize overall health.[13]

MCP is also a natural inhibitor of Galectin-3,[21] a protein that at elevated levels has been found to be significantly associated with higher risk of death in both acute decompensated heart failure and chronic heart failure populations.

Toxicity and Side Effects

No reports of adverse events have been published in the literature or found in a search of voluntary reports of adverse events to the USDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Although modified citrus pectin is more easily digested than natural citrus pectin, individuals with allergies or sensitivities to citrus may experience stomach discomfort when taking either type of citrus pectin.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Modified Citrus Pectin", American Cancer Society. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d Nicholas, Joanne (March 2009)"Fighting Cancer Metastasis and Heavy Metal Toxicities With Modified Citrus Pectin" Life Extension Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Modified Citrus Pectin Detailed Scientific Review The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  4. ^ Available at: http://www.naturalstandard.com/index-abstract.asp?create-abstract=/monographs/herbssupplements/modifiedcitruspectin.asp. Accessed December 8, 2008.
  5. ^ Jun Yan, J; Katz, A. (2010). "PectaSol-C Modified Citrus Pectin Induces Apoptosis and Inhibition of Proliferation in Human and Mouse Androgen-Dependent and- Independent Prostate Cancer Cells". Integrative Cancer Therapies 9 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1177/1534735410369672. PMID 20462856. 
  6. ^ Hayashi, A; Gillen, AC; Lott, JR (2000). "Effects of daily oral administration of quercetin chalcone and modified citrus pectin on implanted colon-25 tumor growth in Balb-c mice". Alternative medicine review 5 (6): 546–52. PMID 11134977. 
  7. ^ Jedinak A, Jiang J, Sliva D, Wojnowski R. http://www.dreliaz.org/sites/default/files/sliva-synergy-poster-april-2010.pdf[dead link] "Modified Citrus Pectin Enhances the Effect of Novel Dietary Supplement Formulas Inhibition of Invasiveness of Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells by Down-Regulation of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator(uPA) Secretion" Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  8. ^ Liu, Hai-Ying; Huang, ZL; Yang, GH; Lu, WQ; Yu, NR (2008). "Inhibitory effect of modified citrus pectin on liver metastases in a mouse colon cancer model". World Journal of Gastroenterology 14 (48): 7386–91. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.7386. PMC 2778124. PMID 19109874. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2778124. 
  9. ^ a b Platt, D.; Raz, A. (1992). "Modulation of the Lung Colonization of B16-F1 Melanoma Cells by Citrus Pectin". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84 (6): 438–42. doi:10.1093/jnci/84.6.438. 
  10. ^ Glinskii, Olga V.; Huxley, Virginia H.; Glinsky, Gennadi V.; Pienta, Kenneth J.; Raz, Avraham; Glinsky, Vladislav V. (2005). "Mechanical Entrapment Is Insufficient and Intercellular Adhesion Is Essential for Metastatic Cell Arrest in Distant Organs". Neoplasia 7 (5): 522–7. doi:10.1593/neo.04646. PMC 1501167. PMID 15967104. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1501167. 
  11. ^ Johnson, Kim D.; Glinskii, Olga V.; Mossine, Valeri V.; Turk, James R.; Mawhinney, Thomas P.; Anthony, Douglas C.; Henry, Carolyn J.; Huxley, Virginia H. et al. (2007). "Galectin-3 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Tumors Arising from Malignant Endothelia". Neoplasia 9 (8): 662–70. doi:10.1593/neo.07433. PMC 1950436. PMID 17786185. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1950436. 
  12. ^ Strum S, Scholz M, McDermed J, McCulloch M, Eliaz I."Modified Citrus Pectin Slows PSA Doubling Time: a pilot clinical trial." Paper presented at: International Conference on Diet and Prevention of Cancer. May 1999. Tampere, Finland.
  13. ^ a b (November 4, 2008)"Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Cancer Patients" Universtiy of California, San Diego, Medical Center, Moores Cancer Center. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  14. ^ Azémar M, Hildenbrand B, Haering B, et al. (December 11, 2007) "Clinical Benefit in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors Treated with Modified Citrus Pectin: A Prospective Pilot Study" Clinical Medicine: Oncology 2007:1 73-80.
  15. ^ Eliaz, Isaac; Weil, Elaine; Wilk, Barry (2007). "Integrative Medicine and the Role of Modified Citrus Pectin/Alginates in Heavy MetIntegrative Medicine and the Role of Modified Citrus Pectin/Alginates in Heavy Metal Chelation and Detoxification – Five Case Reports". Forschende Komplementärmedizin 14 (6): 358–64. doi:10.1159/0000109829. PMID 18219211. 
  16. ^ Eliaz, Isaac; Hotchkiss, Arland T.; Fishman, Marshall L.; Rode, Dorena (2006). "The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements". Phytotherapy Research 20 (10): 859–64. doi:10.1002/ptr.1953. PMID 16835878. 
  17. ^ Zhao, ZY; Liang, L; Fan, X; Yu, Z; Hotchkiss, AT; Wilk, BJ; Eliaz, I (2008). "The role of modified citrus pectin as an effective chelator of lead in children hospitalized with toxic lead levels". Alternative therapies in health and medicine 14 (4): 34–8. PMID 18616067. 
  18. ^ Kosnett, Michael J.; Wedeen, Richard P.; Rothenberg, Stephen J.; Hipkins, Karen L.; Materna, Barbara L.; Schwartz, Brian S.; Hu, Howard; Woolf, Alan (2006). "Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure". Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (3): 463–71. doi:10.1289/ehp.9784. PMC 1849937. PMID 17431500. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1849937. 
  19. ^ Brodkin, E.; Copes, R.; Mattman, A.; Kennedy, J.; Kling, R.; Yassi, A. (2006). "Lead and mercury exposures: interpretation and action". Canadian Medical Association Journal 176 (1): 59–63. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060790. PMC 1764574. PMID 17200393. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1764574. 
  20. ^ (March 24, 2010) "Pectin" Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  21. ^ Glinsky, Vladislav V.; Raz, Avraham (2009). "Modified citrus pectin anti-metastatic properties: one bullet, multiple targets". Carbohydrate Research 344 (14): 1788–91. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.038. PMC 2782490. PMID 19061992. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2782490. 

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