Marianas Trench Marine National Monument

President George W. Bush signs paperwork establishing the National Monument on January 6, 2009

The Marianas Trench Marine National Monument is a United States National Monument created by President George W. Bush by an executive order given on January 6, 2009.^[1][2][3][4]

Scope

The Mariana Trench Marine National Monument consists of 95,216 square miles (60,938,240 acres). The monument consists of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes three units: the Islands Unit - the waters and submerged lands of the three northernmost Mariana Islands (Farallon de Pajaros or Uracas, Maug, and Asuncion); the Volcanic Unit (Vents Unit) - the submerged lands within 1 nautical mile of 21 designated volcanic sites; and the Trench Unit - the submerged lands extending from the northern limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) to the southern limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States in the Territory of Guam. No waters are included in the Volcanic and Trench Units, and CNMI maintains all authority for managing the three islands within the Islands Unit above the mean low water line. The Interior Secretary placed the Mariana Trench and Volcanic Units within the National Wildlife Refuge System, and delegated his management responsibility to the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Secretary of Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has primary management responsibility for fishery-related activities in the waters of the Islands Unit. In the Islands Unit, unique reef habitats support marine biological communities dependent on basalt rock foundations, unlike those throughout the remainder of the Pacific. These reefs and waters are among the most biologically diverse in the Western Pacific and include the greatest diversity of seamount and hydrothermal vent life yet discovered. They also contain one of the most diverse collections of stony corals in the Western Pacific, including more than 300 species, higher than any other U.S. reef area. The submerged caldera at Maug is one of only a few known places in the world where photosynthetic and chemosynthetic communities of life coexist. The caldera is some 1.5 miles wide and 820 feet deep, an unusual depth for lagoons. The lava dome in the center of the crater rises to within 65 feet of the surface. Hydrothermal vents at about 475 feet in depth along the northeast side of the dome spew acidic water at scalding temperatures near the coral reef that quickly ascends to the sea surface. Thus, coral reefs and microbial mats are spared much of the impact of these plumes and are growing nearby, complete with thriving tropical fish. As ocean acidification increases across the Earth, this caldera offers scientists an opportunity to look into the future and ensure continuation of coral reef communities. The Volcanic Unit (Vents Unit) - an arc of more than 20 undersea mud volcanoes and thermal vents - supports unusual life forms in some of the harshest conditions imaginable. Here species survive in the midst of hydrothermal vents that produce highly acidic boiling water.

• The Champagne hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku submarine volcano produces almost pure liquid carbon dioxide, one of only two known sites in the world.^[5]

• A pool of liquid sulfur at the Daikoku submarine volcano is unique in all the world. The Challenger Deep, located in the Trench Unit's Mariana Trench is the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, deeper than the height of Mount Everest above sea level. It is five times longer than the Grand Canyon and includes some 78,956 mi2 (50,532,102 acres) of virtually unexplored underwater terrain.

Name of monument

In a White House release the first word is pluralized as Marianas,^[2] in another seemingly official source it is named Mariana,^[6] and in some news reports it appeared as Marianas Marine National Monument, omitting the word "Trench". In common usage, the trench is alternatively named Marianas Trench or Mariana Trench.

References

1. ^ White House Press Release: "Establishment of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument", January 6, 2009
2. ^ ^{a b} White Office Fact Sheet: Marine National Monuments--Bush announces new steps to protect U.S. marine environment, January 6, 2009
3. ^ John M. Broder (January 5, 2009). "Bush to Protect Vast New Pacific Tracts". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/us/06oceans.html?hp. 
4. ^ Kenneth R. Weiss (January 6, 2009). "Bush to create three marine monuments". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-bush-pacific-conservation-2009jan06,0,6922666.story. 
5. ^ Lupton, J.; Lilley, M.; Butterfield, D.; Evans, L.; Embley, R.; Olson, E.; Proskurowski, G.; Resing, J.; Roe, K.; Greene, R.; Lebon, G. (2004). "Liquid Carbon Dioxide Venting at the Champagne Hydrothermal Site, NW Eifuku Volcano, Mariana Arc". American Geophysical Union. Fall Meeting (abstract #V43F-08). Bibcode 2004AGUFM.V43F..08L. 
6. ^ Copy of official map

External links

• official map (PDF)