Minamitorishima

Minamitorishima

Native name: 南鳥島 Nickname: Marcus Island
Aerial photo from 1987
Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	24°16′59″N 153°59′11″E / 24.28306°N 153.98639°E / 24.28306; 153.98639
Total islands	1
Area	1,510 m2 (16,250 sq ft)
Coastline	6,000 m (20,000 ft)
Highest elevation	9 m (30 ft)
Country
Japan
Demographics
Population	no civilian population

Minamitorishima (南鳥島^?) or Marcus Island is an isolated Japanese coral atoll in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located some 1,848 kilometres (1,148 mi) SE of Tokyo and 1,267 kilometres (787 mi) east of the closest Japanese island, South Iwo Jima of the Ogasawara Islands, and nearly on a straight line between Tokyo and Wake Island, which is 1,415 kilometres (879 mi) east southeast. The closest island, however, is the East Island of the Maug Islands of the Mariana Islands, which is 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) west south-west of Minamitorishima. The meaning of the Japanese name is "Southern Bird Island". It is the easternmost territory belonging to Japan, and the only Japanese territory on the Pacific Plate, past the Japan Trench. Although very small, is of extreme strategic importance, as it enables Japan to claim a 428,875 square kilometres (165,589.6 sq mi) Exclusive Economic Zone in the surrounding waters.

Geography

Minamitorishima is triangular in shape, and unusual in that it has an inverted-saucer like profile, with a raised outer rim of between 5 metres (16 ft) and 9 metres (30 ft) above sea level. The central area of the island is 1 metre (3 ft) below sea level. Minamitorishima is surrounded by a fringing reef which ranges from 50 metres (164 ft) to 300 metres (984 ft) in width, enclosing a shallow lagoon, which is connected with the open ocean by narrow passages on the southern and northeastern sides. Outside the reef, the ocean depths quickly plunge to over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The island has a total land area of 1.2 square kilometres (0.5 sq mi). The island also has the highest average temperature in Japan.^[1]

History

The first discovery and mention of an island in this area was made by a Spanish Manila Galleon captain, Captain Arriola in 1694.^[2] Its exact location was left unrecorded until further sightings in the early 19th century.

Marcus Island under attack on 31 August 1943.

The island was mentioned again in 1864 by the ship Morning Star, belonging either to the United States or the Kingdom of Hawaii, and was given the name “Marcus Island”. Its position was recorded by a United States survey ship in 1874, and first landed on by a Japanese national, Kiozaemon Saito in 1879. On June 30, 1886 a Japanese named Shinroku Mizutani led a group of 46 colonists from Hahajima in the Ogasawara Islands to settle on Marcus Island. The settlement was named “Mizutani” after the leader of the expedition. The Empire of Japan officially annexed the island July 24, 1898,^[3] the previous United States claim from 1889 according to the Guano Islands Act not being officially acknowledged. The island was official named “Minamitorishima” and placed administratively under the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo.

Sovereignty over the island before World War I was apparently disputed as various sources from the time move the island from the American to Japanese domain without specific explanation. In 1902, the United States dispatched a warship from Hawaii to enforce its claims, but withdrew on finding the island still inhabited by Japanese, with a Japanese warship patrolling nearby. In 1914, William D. Boyce included Marcus Island as an obviously American island in his book, The Colonies and Dependencies of the United States. In 1933, by orders of the Japanese government, the civilian inhabitants of Minamitorishima were evacuated. In 1935, the Imperial Japanese Navy established a meteorological station on the island, and built an airstrip.

After the start of World War II the Japanese garrison stationed on the island consisted of the 742 man Minamitorishima Guard Unit, under the command of Rear-Admiral Masata Matsubara and the 2,005 man 12th Independent Mixed Regiment, under the command of Colonel Yoshiichi Sakata.^[4] The United States Navy bombed it repeatedly in 1942^[5] and in 1943,^[6] but never attempted to capture it (the island was featured in the U.S. training/propaganda film The Fighting Lady). Though isolated the Japanese were able to resupply the garrison by submarine, using a channel cut through the reef on the northwest side of the island. That channel is still visible today.

The Treaty of San Francisco transferred the island to American control.^[7] The island was returned to Japanese control in 1968.

In 1964 the U.S. Coast Guard opened a LORAN-C navigation station on Marcus Island, whose mast was until 1985 one of the tallest structures in the Pacific area. In the 1980s the LORAN station was maintained by 23 "Coasties". They were based there on one-year tours with a visit to mainland Japan at the six-month point. While under U.S. administration, on Thursdays a C-130 Hercules from the 345th Tactical Airlift Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan, would resupply the island on weekly missions. Often Coast Guardsmen would judge landings by raising placards with large numbers. An unusually long four-hour ground time was scheduled to allow technicians who flew in to perform maintenance on the transmitter and to offload extra fuel from the C-130 to power the island's generator. It also allowed the Coasties to read and answer letters while aircrews would snorkel and collect green glass fishing buoys that wash up on the shore. It takes about 45 minutes to walk around the island.

The station was transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard to the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) on September 30, 1993 and was closed on December 1, 2009.

The island is currently used for weather observation and has a radio station, but little else. Because of its isolation, it is of some interest to amateur radio hobbyists. The JMSDF garrison is supplied by C-130 from Iruma Air Base, or by YS-11 from Haneda or Atsugi Air Base with flights via Iwo Jima on a weekly basis. The runway of Minami Torishima Airport is only 1300 meters long, and cannot handle larger aircraft. The island is considered as a separate country for amateur radio awards. The island is off-limits to civilians, except from the Japan Meteorological Agency. Interestingly, its runway is sometimes obscured in aerial images of the island.

See also

• List of extreme points of Japan

Notes

1. ^ http://www.climate-charts.com/Countries/Japan.html
2. ^ Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 36, No. 1; 2001, pp. 105–115.
3. ^ Kuroda 1954, 87.
4. ^ Takizawa, Akira; Alsleben, Allan (1999-2000). "Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944-1945". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/japan_garrison.html. 
5. ^ The Raids on Wake and Marcus Islands, Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean. USN Combat Narrative series. Office of Naval Intelligence, United States Navy, 1943.
6. ^ Paramount Battles Involving Essex Class Carriers
7. ^ Article 3 of Treaty of San Francisco: "Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29° north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters."

References

• Bryan, William A.: A monograph of Marcus Island; in: Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. 2, No. 1; 1903
• Kuroda, Nagahisa: Report on a trip to Marcus Island, with notes on the birds; in: Pacific Science, Vol. 8, No. 1; 1954
• L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942". http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html. 
• Lévesque, Rodrigue: The odyssey of Captain Arriola and his discovery of Marcus Island in 1694; in: Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 32, No. 2; 1997, pp. 229–233
• PUB 158 JAPAN Volume 1, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland [1]
• Sakagami, Shoichi F.: An ecological perspective of Marcus Island, with special reference to land animals; in: Pacific Science, Vol. 15, No. 1; 1961
• Welsch, Bernhard: The asserted discovery of Marcus Island in 1694; in: Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 36, No. 1; 2001, pp. 105–115
• Welsch, Bernhard: Was Marcus Island discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?; in: Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 39, No. 1; 2004, pp. 109–122

External links

• Minami Torishima info and pictures
• Marcus Island sunrise, sunset, tides
• Map and aerial photo of Minami Torishima, from the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan website
• Oceandots.com