Amateur radio

Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a hobby and a service in which participants, called "hams," use various types of radio communications equipment to communicate with other radio amateurs for public service, recreation and self-training.cite web |url=http://www.arrl.org/FandES/ead/hamfaq.html |title=Ham Radio Frequently Asked Questions |work=ARRL.org |first=Mary E |last=Lau |date=2006-05-23 |accessdate=2007-08-25]

Amateur radio operators enjoy personal (and often worldwide) wireless communications with each other and are able to support their communities with emergency and disaster communications if necessary, while increasing their personal knowledge of electronics and radio theory. An estimated six million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio.cite book |last=Silver |first=H Ward |title=Amateur Radio for Dummies |publisher=Wiley Publishing |location=Indianapolis |date=2004-04-23 |isbn=0764559877 |oclc=55092631]

The term "amateur" is not a reflection on the skills of the participants, which are often quite advanced; rather, "amateur" indicates that amateur radio communications are not allowed to be made for commercial or money-making purposes.

History

Though its origins can be traced to at least the late 1800s, amateur radio, as practiced today, did not begin until the early 1900s. The first listing of amateur radio stations is contained in the "First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America" in 1909.cite book |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/alumni/amateurradioclub/documents/First%20Annual%20Official%20Wireless%20Blue%20Book%20-%201909.pdf |title=First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America |publisher=Modern Electrics Publication |location=New York |first=H |last=Gernsback |month=May |year=1909 |accessdate=2008-08-17] This first radio callbook lists wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, including eighty-nine amateur radio stations. As with radio in general, the birth of amateur radio was strongly associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Throughout its history, amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by amateur radio operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency.

Activities and practices

While many hams simply enjoy talking to friends, others pursue a wide variety of specialized interests.
*Amateur Radio Direction Finding, also known as "Fox hunting"
*Amateur radio emergency communications
*Communicating via amateur satellites
*Contesting, earning awards, and collecting QSL cards
*Designing new antennas
*DX communication to far away countries
*DX-peditions
*Hamfests, club meetings and swap meets
*Hand building homebrew amateur radio gear
*High speed multimedia and TCP/IP
*High Speed Telegraphy
*Packet radio
*Portable, fixed, mobile and handheld operation
*Low-power operation (QRP).
*Severe weather spotting
*Tracking tactical information using the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS), which may integrate with the GPS
*Using the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP) to connect radio repeaters via the Internet
*VHF, UHF and microwave operation on amateur radio high bands
*Vintage amateur radios, such as those using vacuum tube technology
*Wireless MAN construction

Radio amateurs use various modes of transmission to communicate. Voice transmissions are most common, with some such as frequency modulation (FM) offering high quality audio, and others such as single sideband (SSB) offering more reliable communications when signals are marginal and bandwidth is restricted.

Radiotelegraphy using Morse code is an activity dating to the earliest days of radio. Technology has moved past the use of telegraphy in nearly all other communications, and a code test is no longer part of most national licensing exams for amateur radio. Many amateur radio operators continue to make use of the mode, particularly on the shortwave bands and for experimental work such as EME (communications), with its inherent signal-to-noise ratio advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed code groups, also allows communications between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with homebrewers as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct. A similar "legacy" mode popular with home constructors is amplitude modulation (AM), pursued by many vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and aficionados of vacuum tube technology.

For many years, demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was a requirement to obtain amateur licenses for the high frequency bands (frequencies below 30 MHz), but following changes in international regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency.cite web |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-06-178A1.pdf |title=FCC Report and Order 06-178A1 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |pages=p. 7 |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2007-05-16] As an example, the United States Federal Communications Commission phased out this requirement for all license classes on February 23, 2007.cite journal |url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2007/pdf/E7-729.pdf |title=47 CFR Part 97 |author=Federal Communications Commission |journal=Federal Register |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=72 |issue=15 |pages=pp. 3081–3082 |date=2007-01-24 |accessdate=2007-12-18] cite web |url=http://www2.arrl.org/news/stories/2006/12/15/104/?nc=1 |title=FCC to Drop Morse Testing for "All" Amateur License Classes |work=ARRL.org |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2007-05-16]

Modern personal computers have encouraged the use of digital modes such as radioteletype (RTTY), which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment.cite news |url=http://www2.arrl.org/news/features/2003/08/27/1/?nc=1 |title=KH6BB and "Mighty Mo," the Battleship "Missouri" |work=ARRL.org |first=E Art |last=Galbraith |date=2003-08-23 |accessdate=2007-01-10] Hams led the development of packet radio, which has employed protocols such as TCP/IP since the 1970s. Specialized digital modes such as PSK31 allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands. Echolink using Voice over IP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes, while IRLP has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area. Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441 using software such as WSJT, are used for weak signal modes including meteor scatter and EME (communications) communications.

Fast scan amateur television has gained popularity as hobbyists adapt inexpensive consumer video electronics like camcorders and video cards in home computers. Because of the wide bandwidth and stable signals required, amateur television is typically found in the 70 cm (420 MHz–450 MHz) frequency range, though there is also limited use on 33 cm (902 MHz–928 MHz), 23 cm (1240 MHz–1300 MHz) and higher. These requirements also effectively limit the signal range to between 20 and 60 miles (30 km–100 km), however, the use of linked repeater systems can allow transmissions across hundreds of miles.cite journal |url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/49319.pdf |title=An Introduction to Amateur Television |journal=QST "via" ARRL.org |first=Ralph E |last=Taggart |month=April |year=1993 |pages=pp. 19–23 |accessdate=2007-06-02]

These repeaters, or automated relay stations, are used on VHF and higher frequencies to increase signal range. Repeaters are usually located on top of a mountain, hill or tall building, and allow operators to communicate over hundreds of square miles using a low power hand-held transceiver. Repeaters can also be linked together by use of other amateur radio bands, landline or the Internet.

Communication satellites called OSCARs (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio) can be accessed, some using a hand-held transceiver (HT) with a stock "rubber duck" antenna. Hams also use the moon, the aurora borealis, and the ionized trails of meteors as reflectors of radio waves.cite news |url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/0112036.pdf |title="WSJT": New Software for VHF Meteor-Scatter Communication |work=QST "via" ARRL.org |first=Joe |last=Taylor |month=December |year=2001 |pages=36—41 |accessdate=2007-01-11] Hams are also often able to make contact with the International Space Station (ISS),cite web |url=http://www.arrl.org/ARISS/ |title=ARISS: Amateur Radio on the International Space Station |work=ARRL.org |accessdate=2007-01-10] as many astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed as Amateur Radio Operators.cite web |url=http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/astrohams.html |title=Astronaut (and Former Astronaut) Hams |work=gjurrens "at" Tellurian.com |first=Gerald |last=Jurrens |accessdate=2007-01-10]

Amateur radio operators use their amateur radio station to make contacts with individual hams as well as participating in round table discussion groups or "rag chew sessions" on the air. Some join in regularly scheduled on-air meetings with other amateur radio operators, called "Nets" (as in "networks") which are moderated by a station referred to as "Net Control".cite web |url=http://www.scc-ares-races.org/mtnview/principles-of-net-control.html |title=Principles of Amateur Radio Net Control |work=SCC-AREA-RACES.org |first=Jerry |last=Haag |accessdate=2007-01-10] Nets can allow operators to learn procedures for emergencies, be an informal round table or be topical, covering specific interests shared by a group.

Licensing

In all countries, amateur radio operators are required to pass a licensing exam displaying knowledge and understanding of key concepts. In response, hams are granted operating privileges in larger segments of the radio frequency spectrum using a wide variety of communication techniques with higher power levels permitted. This practice is in contrast to unlicensed personal radio services such as CB radio, Multi-Use Radio Service, or Family Radio Service/PMR446 that require type-approved equipment restricted in frequency range and power.

In many countries, amateur licensing is a routine civil administrative matter. Amateurs are required to pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements in order to avoid interference with other amateurs and other radio services. There are often a series of exams available, each progressively more challenging and granting more privileges in terms of frequency availability, power output, permitted experimentation, and in some countries, distinctive callsigns. Some countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia have begun requiring a practical training course in addition to the written exams in order to obtain a beginner's license, called a Foundation License.

Amateur radio licensing in the United States serves as an example of the way some countries award different levels of amateur radio licenses based on technical knowledge. Three sequential levels of licensing exams (Technician Class, General Class and Amateur Extra Class) are currently offered, which allow operators who pass them access to larger portions of the Amateur Radio spectrum and more desirable callsigns.

Newcomers

Many people start their involvement in amateur radio by finding a local club. Clubs often provide information about licensing, local operating practices and technical advice. Newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials, sometimes with the help of a mentor, teacher or friend. Established amateurs who help newcomers are often referred to as "Elmers" within the ham community. In addition, many countries have national amateur radio societies which encourage newcomers and work with government communications regulation authorities for the benefit of all radio amateurs. The oldest of these societies is the Wireless Institute of Australia, formed in 1910; other notable societies are the Radio Society of Great Britain, the American Radio Relay League, Radio Amateurs of Canada, the New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters and South African Radio League. ("See ")

Callsigns

Upon licensing, a radio amateur's national government issues a unique callsign to the radio amateur. The holder of a callsign uses it on the air to legally identify the operator or station during any and all radio communication.cite web |url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/publication/ra_info/br68i/br68i.htm |title=Amateur Radio (Intermediate) Licence (A) or (B) Terms, Provisions and Limitations Booklet BR68/I |work=Ofcom.org.uk |accessdate=2007-06-02] In certain jurisdictions, an operator may also select a "vanity" callsign.cite web |url=http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=cft&id=amateur&page=cft_get_call_sign |title=Common Filing Task: Obtaining Vanity Call Sign |work=FCC.gov |accessdate=2007-06-02] Some jurisdictions, such as the U.S., require that a fee be paid to obtain such a vanity callsign; in others, such as the UK, a fee is not required and the vanity callsign may be selected when the license is applied for.

Callsign structure as prescribed by the ITU, consists of three parts which break down as follows, using the callsign ZS1NAT as an example:
# ZS – Shows the country from which the callsign originates and may also indicate the license class. (This callsign is licensed in South Africa, and is CEPT Class 1).
# 1 – Tells you the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part (this one refers to the Western Cape).
# NAT – The final part is specific to the holder of the license, identifying that person specifically.

Privileges

Unlike all other spectrum users, radio amateurs are allowed to build or modify transmitting equipment, and do not need to obtain type-approval for it. Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium to high-powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies [http://vkfaq.ampr.org/faq2lic.html Australian Radio Amateur FAQ] so long as they meet spurious emission standards.

As noted, radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, enabling choice of frequency to enable effective communication whether across a city, a region, a country, a continent or the whole world regardless of season or time day or night. The shortwave bands, or HF, can allow worldwide communication, the VHF and UHF bands offer excellent regional communication, and the broad microwave bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for television (known as SSTV and FSTV) transmissions and high-speed data networks.

Although allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards, they are sufficient to enable global communication. Power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country. For example, the power limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are: 2.25 kW in Canada, was 2 kW in the former Yugoslavia, 1.5 kW in the United States, 1 kW in Belgium and Switzerland, 750 W in Germany, 500 W in Italy, 400 W in Australia, India and the United Kingdom, and 150 W in Oman. Lower license classes usually have lower power limits; for example, the lowest license class in the UK has a limit of just 10 W. Amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communicationcite web |url=http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/news/part97/d-305.html#313 |title=FCC Transmitter power standards |work=ARRL.org |accessdate=2008-05-26] .

When traveling abroad, visiting amateur operators must follow the rules of the country in which they wish to operate. Some countries have reciprocal international operating agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license. Other host countries require that the visiting ham apply for a formal permit, or even a new host country-issued license, in advance.

Band plans and frequency allocations

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide, with participation by each nation's communications regulation authority. National communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference. In some countries, specific emission types are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum, and in most other countries, International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum.

In a few cases, a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands. In Trinidad and Tobago, hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148.800 MHz. This repeater is used and maintained by the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills. This repeater can also be used by non-ham NEMA staff and REACT members. In Australia and New Zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the UHF TV channels. In the U.S., in cases of emergency, amateur radio operators may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire communications and the Alaska statewide emergency frequency of 5167.5 kHz.

Similarly, amateurs in the United States may apply to be registered with the Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US Government Military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services.

See also

* List of amateur radio magazines
* List of amateur radio operating modes
* List of amateur radio organizations

References

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External links

*dmoz|Recreation/Radio/Amateur/|Amateur Radio