Duke of Bouillon

Duke of Bouillon
Duchy of Bouillon
Duché de Bouillon
State of the Holy Roman Empire
Fief of early modern France

1456? – 1794
Flag Coat of arms
The Duchy of Bouillon as at 1560, shown within the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle
Capital Bouillon
Government Principality
Historical era Middle Ages
 - Ardennes lords of Bouillon by the 11th century
 - La Marck châtelains from 1415 the 15th century
 - First style of Duke 1456
 - Treaties of Nijmegen 1678
 - Abolition of manorial
    and feudal rights

26 May 1790
 - Ducal constitution 23 March or 1 May 1792
 - Proclamation of the
    Republic

24 April 1794
 - Annexed to France 26 October 1795
(4 Brumaire, Year IV)
Area
 - 1790 230 km2 (89 sq mi)
Population
 - 1790 est. 12,000 
     Density 52.2 /km2  (135.1 /sq mi)
Today part of  Belgium

The Duke of Bouillon (French: duc de Bouillon) is a title of nobility. Until the nineteenth century, the Duke of Bouillon was the ruler of the semi-sovereign Duchy of Bouillon (French: duché de Bouillon), a small state located between Luxembourg, Champagne, and the Three Bishoprics and centered on Bouillon.

Contents

History of the Duchy of Bouillon

Bouillon Castle
The Semois with Bouillon Castle in the background
History of the Low Countriesv · d · e
Frankish Kingdom
(5th to 10th century)
Frisian Kingdom
(600-734)
Carolingian Empire after 800
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(843–870)
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County of Flanders
(862–1384)
and other principalities
(10th–14th centuries)
Kingdom then Duchy of Lotharingia in East Francia ("Germany")
(880-1190)
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Prince-Bishopric
of Liège

(980-1794)

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Duchy of Bouillon
(988-1795)

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(1138-1795)
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and other principalities
(10th–15th centuries)
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County/
Duchy of
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(963–1443)
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and other principalities
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(1482–1581)
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(Southern Netherlands)

(1581–1713)
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(1581–1795)
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(Southern Netherlands)

(1713–1795)
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(1789–1792)
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of Belgium

(1790)
   

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Part of the
French Republic
(1795–1804)
and the
French Empire
(1804–1815)
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Batavian Republic
(1795–1806)
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Kingdom
of Holland

(1806–1810)
 
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United Kingdom of
the Netherlands

(1815-1830)
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Kingdom of Belgium
(since 1830)
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Gr Duchy Luxembourg
(personal union)
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Kingdom of
the Netherlands

(since 1830)
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Gr Duchy Luxembourg
(since 1890)

The Duchy of Bouillon's origins are unclear. The first reference to Bouillon Castle comes in 988 and by the 11th century, Bouillon was a freehold held by the House of Ardennes, who styled themselves Lords of Bouillon. On the death of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine in 1069, Bouillon passed to his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon. In 1095, Godfrey of Bouillon sold Bouillon to the Prince-Bishop of Liège, Otbert of Liège in order to finance his participation in the First Crusade.

The Prince-Bishop of Liège granted the châtellenie of Bouillon to the House of La Marck in 1415. In 1456, Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège became the first individual to style himself "Duke of Bouillon". In 1482, the Châtelain of Bouillon, William de La Marck, ordered the assassination of Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège in a plot to install his son, Jean de la Marck, as Prince-Bishop of Liège. This plot proved unsuccessful: John of Hornes was elected as successor of Louis de Bourbon as Prince-Bishop of Liège. John of Hornes then fought a war with William de La Marck that ended with the Treaty of Tongeren, signed May 21, 1484, with the de la Marck family relinquishing its claim on Liège, though the de la Marcks retained Bouillon Castle as a pledge. Robert II de la Marck began calling himself "Duke of Bouillon" in 1492, but in 1521, the Prince-Bishop of Liège, Erard de La Marck (a fellow member of the House of La Marck), with the backing of the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, managed to regain Bouillon for the Prince-Bishopric.

Robert Fleuranges III de La Marck began styling himself "Duke of Bouillon" in 1526 and all of his successors maintained the right to this title. During the Italian War of 1551–1559, Bouillon was occupied by the forces of Henry II of France to keep them free from Habsburg influence, but Henry II confirmed Robert IV de la Marck as Duke of Bouillon.

From 1560 to 1642, the Dukes of Bouillon were also the rulers of the independent Principality of Sedan.

With the death of Charlotte de La Marck in 1594, the duchy and the title passed to her husband Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon and thereafter became the possession of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne. France again invaded Bouillon in 1676 during the Franco-Dutch War, but Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne remained Duke of Bouillon. From this point on, although the Duchy of Bouillon was technically still a part of the Holy Roman Empire, it was in actuality a French protectorate. This state of affairs was confirmed by the 1678 Treaties of Nijmegen.

In the wake of the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary Army invaded the Duchy of Bouillon in 1794, creating the short-lived Republic of Bouillon. In 1795, Bouillon was annexed to France.

At the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, the title of "Duke of Bouillon" was restored to Charles Alain Gabriel de Rohan. The Duchy of Bouillon, however, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, then in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becoming part of the Kingdom of the Belgians in 1830.

Geography of the Duchy of Bouillon

The Duchy of Bouillon was a sovereign duchy in many ways until 1795, but it was very tiny, the smallest territory within the Holy Roman Empire.[dubious ] In 1789, it had a population of 2,500. The largest town was Bouillon, situated on the Semois. It also consisted of the surrounding villages: Sugny, Corbion, Alle, Rochehaut, Ucimont, Botassart, Sensenruth, Noirefontaine, Gros-Fays, Fays-les-Veneurs, Bertrix, Carlsbourg, Paliseul, Jehonville, Opont, Anloy, Porcheresse, Gembes, Gedinne, Sart-Custinne, and Tellin.

Bouillon is located in a Walloon-speaking region.

List of Dukes of Bouillon

House of La Marck, ?–1588

Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Death Spouse
Armoiries de la Marck-Sedan.svg Robert I de La Marck Jean de La Marck 1430 15 June 1446  ?
Bouillon raised to a Duchy
February 1487 Jeanne de Marley
Armoiries de la Marck-Sedan.svg Robert II de La Marck Robert I 1465 25 December 1490 February 1487
fathers death
1536 Catherine de Croÿ
Fleuranges.jpg Robert Fleuranges de La Marck Robert II 1491 1 April 1510 March 1667
fathers death
21 December 1536 Guillemette of Saarbrücken, Countess of Braine
RobertIVdeLaMarck1570.jpg Robert IV de La Marck Robert Fleuranges 5 January 1512 1 March 1539 21 December 1536
fathers death
15 February 1556 Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulevrier
Armoiries de la Marck-Sedan.svg Henri Robert de La Marck Robert IV 7 February 1540 7 Feb 1558 15 February 1556
fathers death
2 December 1574 Françoise de Bourbon
CharlottedelaMarck1570.jpg Charlotte de La Marck
suo jure
Henri Robert 5 November 1574 19 November 1591 2 December 1574
fathers death
15 May 1594 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne
Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Death Spouse

House of La Tour d'Auvergne, 1588–1802

Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Ceased to be duke Death Spouse
Henridelatour.jpg Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne François de La Tour d'Auvergne 28 September 1555 19 November 1591 15 May 1594
first wife's death
25 March 1623 Charlotte de La Marck
15 April 1595 Elisabeth of Nassau
Frederic-MauricedeLaTourdAuvergneNanteuil.jpg Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne Henri 22 October 1605 2 January 1634 25 March 1623
fathers death
9 August 1652 Eleonora Catharina Febronis van den Bergh
GodefroyMauricedeLaTour dAuvergneNanteuil.jpg Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne Frédéric Maurice 21 June 1636 19 April 1662 9 August 1652
fathers death
26 July 1721 Marie Anne Mancini
Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668–1730) while duc d'Albret.jpg Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne Godefroy Maurice 1668 1 February 1696 26 July 1721
fathers death
17 April 1730 Marie Armande Victoire de La Trémoille
4 January 1718 Louise Françoise Angélique Le Tellier
21 March 1725 Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine
Armoiries de la Tour d'Auvergne-Turenne.svg Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne Emmanuel Théodose 16 July 1706 2 April 1724 17 April 1730
fathers death
24 October 1771 Maria Karolina Sobieska
Armoiries de la Tour d'Auvergne-Turenne.svg Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne Charles Godefroy 26 January 1728 27 November 1743 24 October 1771
fathers death
3 December 1792 Louise de Lorraine
Drouais, François-Hubert - The Children of the Duc de Bouillon - 1756.jpg Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne Godefroy 15 January 1746 17 July 1766 3 December 1792
fathers death
1794
Bouillon absorbed into the French First Republic
7 February 1802 Hedwig of Hesse-Rotenburg
Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Ceased to be duke Death Spouse

House of Rohan, since 1816

In 1816, the Congress of Vienna restored the title of "Duke of Bouillon", giving it on Charles Alain Gabriel de Rohan, son of Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, who was the daughter of the former duke Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne.

Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Death Wife
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Charles Alain Gabriel
[1][2][3]
Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné
(Rohan)
18 January 1764 29 May 1781 1816
accession
24 April 1836 Louise Aglae de Conflans d'Armentieres
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Louis Victor Mériadec
[1][2][3][4]
Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné
(Rohan)
1766 24 April 1836
accession
1841 Berthe de Rohan
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Camille Philippe Joseph Idesbald
[1][2][3]
Charles-Louis-Gaspard de Rohan-Rochefort
Adopted by Louis Victor Mériadec
19 December 1801 28 May 1826 1846
accession
13 September 1892 Adelheid zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Alain Benjamin Arthur
[1][2][3][5][6]
Arthur de Rohan (1826–1885), son of Camille Philippe 8 January 1853 10 October 1885 13 September 1892
accession
24 February 1914 Johanna of Auersperg
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Alain Anton Joseph Adolf Ignaz Maria
[1][2][3][5][6]
Alain Benjamin Arthur 26 Jul 1893 29 September 1921 24 February 1914
uncles death
17 March 1975 Margarethe von Schönburg-Hartenstein
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Karl-Alain Albert Maria
[1][2][3][5][6]
Alain Anton 1934 5 October 1963 2 September 1976
accession
2008 Ingeborg Irnberger
Blason fam fr Rohan-Guéménée.svg Albert Marie
[1][2][3][5][6]
Alain Anton 12 May 1936 2008
accession
Incumbent
Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became duke Death Wife

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Also Prince of Rohan.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Also Prince of Guéméné.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Also Duke of Montbazon.
  4. ^ Also Count of Saint-Pol
  5. ^ a b c d Also Princess of Rochefort.
  6. ^ a b c d Also Princess of Montaubon.

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