Eleventh chord

Eleventh chord on C^[1], CMA¹¹.  Play (help·info)

[Dominant] eleventh chord in F, on C (C11). "As it appears in actual music": C, —, G, B♭, D, F.^[2]  Play (help·info)

Opening minor eleventh chord (Am7/D) from Herbie Hancock's "Maiden Voyage".^[3]  Play (help·info)

In music, an eleventh chord is a chord which contains the tertian extension of the eleventh. Typically found in jazz, an eleventh chord will also usually include the seventh and ninth along with elements of the basic triad structure. Variants include the dominant eleventh, minor eleventh, and the major eleventh chord. Symbols include: Caug11, C9(aug11), C9(+11), C9alt11, Cmin9(11), C-(9)(11).^[4] The eleventh in an eleventh chord is, "almost always sharped, especially in jazz,"^[5] at least in reference to the third, with CM11 (major eleventh): C-E-G-B-D-F♯, Cm11 (minor eleventh): C-E♭-G-B♭-D-F, and C11 (dominant eleventh): C-E-G-B♭-D-F♯.^[5]

Dominant eleventh chord on C, C¹¹, with third. V11 in F major.  Play (help·info)

However, since the major diatonic eleventh would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music.^{[citation needed]} Though rare, in rock and popular music, the third of the dominant eleventh ("as theoretically conceived": C, E, G, B♭, D, F  play (help·info)), for example, is usually omitted.^[2] It may be notated in charts as, C11, or, more often, "descriptively," as Gm7/C.^[2] The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord.^{[citation needed]}

Examples of its use in rock and popular music include Billy Joel's "Just the Way You Are", Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder's "Ebony and Ivory", and Mariah Carey's "Love Takes Time".^[2] "Almost always found on the fifth scale degree of a major key," it may, "sometimes be found in a minor key," as in Carole King's "I Feel The Earth Move".^[2]

In the dominant eleventh, because this minor ninth interval between the third and the eleventh is more problematic to the ear and to voice leading than a major ninth would be, alterations to the third or eleventh scale degrees are a common solution. When the third is lowered, a minor eleventh chord is formed with a major ninth interval between the two notes in question (e.g. C, E♭, G, B♭, D, F)  play (help·info).^[5] Similarly, the eleventh may be raised chromatically over a major triad (e.g. to F♯ in a C major chord) to imply the lydian dominant mode. A less common solution to the issue is to simply omit the third in the presence of the eleventh, resulting in a chord enharmonic to the suspended chord (sus4). This type of chord should be notated as such.^{[citation needed]}

Voice leading for dominant eleventh chords in the common practice period.^[6]  Play (help·info)

Dominant eleventh chord in four-part writing^[7]  Play (help·info).

In the common practice period, "the root, 7th, 9th, and 11th are the most common factors present in the V¹¹ chord," with the 3rd and 5th, "typically omitted".^[6] The 11th is usually retained as a common tone when the, "V¹¹ resolves to I or i".^[6]

The suspended chord derived from the dominant eleventh chord (with the third omitted and the seventh flattened), is particularly useful in diatonic music when a composer or accompanist wishes to allow the tonic note of a key to be heard while also sounding the dominant of that key in the bass, but while not playing the second inversion of the triad on the tonic. Therefore, something similar to a perfect cadence may be attempted under a melody which does not leave the tonic note (e.g. a perfect cadence in F might require that the melody moves by step from E to F, or from G to F; whereas, if the first of the two notes is harmonized by an eleventh chord, the melody may remain on F, while the bass still plays the typical pattern of a perfect cadence i.e. dominant-tonic). This type of suspended chord also expands the versatility of the dominant pedal compositional technique.

Fourth

Fourth (F), in red, of a C suspended fourth chord ( Play (help·info)).

Third inversion C suspended fourth chord. The "fourth" is the bass. Quartal or gapped ninth chord on F.

Cmaj9 chord (see chord symbols)  Play (help·info)

The fourth factor of a chord is the note or pitch four scale degrees above the root or tonal center. When the fourth is the bass note, or lowest note, of the expressed chord, the chord is in first inversion  Play (help·info). However, this is equivalent to a gapped ninth chord.

Conventionally, the fourth is third in importance to the root, fifth, and third, being an added tone. It may be avoided as the root since that inversion may resembles a ninth chord on the fourth rather than a suspended chord on the original note. In jazz chords and theory, the fourth is required due to its being an added tone.

The quality of the fourth may be determined by the scale or may be indicated. For example, in both a major and minor scale a diatonic fourth added to the tonic chord will be major (C-F-G) while one added to the subdominant chord will be major or minor (F-B-C or F-B♭-C), respectively.

Suspended chord (sus2) and added tone chord (add9) both with D (ninth=second), distinguished by the absence or presence of the third (E♭).^[8]

The fourth is octave equivalent to the eleventh. If one could cut out the note in between the fifth and the eleventh and then drop the eleventh down an octave to a fourth, one would have a fourth chord (CEGB♭D'F' – B♭D' = CEFG). The difference between sus4 and add11 is conventionally the absence or presence, respectively, of the third.

See also

• Elektra chord
• Jazz chord

References

1. ^ Kostka & Payne (1995). Tonal Harmony, p.431. Third Edition. ISBN 0-07-300056-6.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis, p.87. ISBN 9780300092394.
3. ^ Kernfeld, Barry (1997). What to Listen for in Jazz, p.68. ISBN 9780300072594.
4. ^ Smith, Johnny (1980). Mel Bay's Complete Johnny Smith Approach to Guitar, p.231. ISBN 9781562222390.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Miller, Michael (2004). Complete Idiot's Guide to Solos and Improvisation, p.52. ISBN 9781592572106.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, p.183-84. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
7. ^ Benward & Saker (2009), p.179.
8. ^ Hawkins, Stan. "Prince- Harmonic Analysis of 'Anna Stesia'", p.329 and 334n7, Popular Music, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Oct., 1992), pp. 325-335.